A huge amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) is produced with urbanization process, posing serious threats to the surroundings and human health. The preparation of MSW-derived biochar is an effective strategy for the waste reclamation. MSW-derived biochar possesses great potential in wastewater purification by adsorption and catalysis. In this review, biochar prepared from classified MSW (e.g. food waste and waste paper) was found with larger specific surface area and porosity than the mixed MSW-derived biochar. Meanwhile, pre-treatment and post-treatment means are summarized to improve the structure and composition of biochar, which could further strengthen its adsorption capacity and catalytic activity. The -COOH, -C = O, -C = C, -OH group sites and aromatic structure of MSW-derived biochar could adsorb pollutants through electrostatic interaction, surface complexation, ion exchange, hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction. Moreover, thanks to the -COOH, -C = O, -OH groups, N-doped structures, defective sites and iron ion species, the food waste-derived biochar exhibits excellent persulfate activation properties. Finally, the future challenges and research directions are suggested, which is conductive to promoting the resource utilization of MSW. Some consideration and recommendation about MSW-derived biochar for water treatment are provided, which facilitates the popularization of the innovative mode “waste control by waste” in aquatic environment remediation.

城市化进程中产生了大量的城市固体废物（MSW），对周围环境和人类健康构成严重威胁。生活垃圾衍生生物炭的制备是垃圾回收的有效策略。MSW衍生的生物炭在通过吸附和催化净化废水方面具有巨大潜力。在本次审查中，由分类的 MSW 制备的 biochar（例如食物垃圾和废纸）被发现比混合 MSW 衍生的生物炭具有更大的比表面积和孔隙率。同时总结了前处理和后处理手段，以改善生物炭的结构和组成，进一步增强其吸附能力和催化活性。MSW衍生生物炭的-COOH、-C = O、-C = C、-OH基团位点和芳香结构可以通过静电相互作用、表面络合、离子交换、氢键和π-π吸附污染物相互作用。此外，由于 -COOH、-C = O、-OH 基团、N 掺杂结构、缺陷位点和铁离子种类，食物垃圾衍生的生物炭表现出优异的过硫酸盐活化特性。最后提出了未来面临的挑战和研究方向，有利于促进生活垃圾资源化利用。对生活垃圾生物炭用于水处理提出了一些思考和建议，促进了“以废治废”创新模式在水环境修复中的推广应用。