ABSTRACT

The inadequate success of decades-long attempts to restore aquatic biodiversity casts doubt on the effectiveness of common top-down driven approaches that focus on ecological and socio-economic objectives alone. A way forward is engaging with the public with the aim of accounting for cultural values and local knowledge and building community buy-in to restoration and management plans. We demonstrate a values-based framework based on Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to develop a management plan for the Lake Wānaka catchment, making use of the fact that Aotearoa/New Zealand mandates action plans to consider community values. The MCDA-framework successfully wove together cultural, ecological, and socio-economic values. Clearly translating values into objectives and structuring them hierarchically allowed the identification of current system deficits and management scenarios to address them. Combining the estimated effects of potential actions with the process participants’ subjective preferences for high-level objectives led to a clear prioritisation of management scenarios. The elicited preferences highlighted the community’s collective perspective on the relative importance of local objectives, which is an optimal basis upon which to agree on a management plan. We recommend values-based approaches such as MCDA as a way forward for inclusive freshwater co-management not only in Aotearoa/New Zealand, but elsewhere as well.

Glossary of Māori Terms: Aotearoa: the Māori name for New Zealand; Hui: a meeting; Iwi: the largest tribal unit in Māoridom; Kaitiakitanga: guardianship over the sky, sea, and land; Kākahi: large freshwater mussel species including Echyridella menziezii; Kōaro: an endemic New Zealand fish species (Galaxias brevipinnis); kokopu: a group of endemic New Zealand fish species in the family Galaxiidae; mahinga kai: resources that are customarily used/harvested; mātauranga Māori: Māori knowledge; Mauri: life force or vital essence inherent in all living things; Nohoaka: seasonal occupation site; Pā: a settlement/village; Pākehā: a non-Māori New Zealander; Raupō: wetland plant (bullrush; Typha orientalis); Rūnaka: small or local tribal unit; te ao Māori: the Māori world view acknowledging the interconnectedness and interrelationship of all living and non-living things; te mana o te wai: a Māori concept that refers to the fundamental importance of water and recognises that protecting the health of freshwater protects the health and well-being of the wider environment, including people; tuna: freshwater eels indigenous to New Zealand (Anguilla dieffenbachii and Anguilla australis); important mahinga kai species; waka: canoe

摘要

长达数十年的恢复水生生物多样性的尝试并未取得足够的成功，这使人们对仅关注生态和社会经济目标的常见自上而下驱动方法的有效性产生了怀疑。前进的道路是让公众参与进来，目的是考虑文化价值观和当地知识，并建立社区对恢复和管理计划的支持。我们展示了一个基于多标准决策分析 (MCDA) 的基于价值观的框架，以制定瓦纳卡湖流域的管理计划，利用新西兰/新西兰强制执行行动计划考虑社区价值观的事实。MCDA 框架成功地将文化、生态和社会经济价值观融合在一起。明确地将价值观转化为目标并按层次结构构建它们，可以识别当前的系统缺陷和解决这些缺陷的管理方案。将潜在行动的估计效果与流程参与者对高级目标的主观偏好相结合，可以明确管理场景的优先级。所得出的偏好凸显了社区对当地目标相对重要性的集体观点，这是就管理计划达成一致的最佳基础。我们建议基于价值观的方法，例如 MCDA，作为包容性淡水共同管理的前进方向，不仅在新西兰/新西兰，而且在其他地方也是如此。将潜在行动的估计效果与流程参与者对高级目标的主观偏好相结合，可以明确管理场景的优先级。所得出的偏好凸显了社区对当地目标相对重要性的集体观点，这是就管理计划达成一致的最佳基础。我们建议基于价值观的方法，例如 MCDA，作为包容性淡水共同管理的前进方向，不仅在新西兰/新西兰，而且在其他地方也是如此。将潜在行动的估计效果与流程参与者对高级目标的主观偏好相结合，可以明确管理场景的优先级。所得出的偏好凸显了社区对当地目标相对重要性的集体观点，这是就管理计划达成一致的最佳基础。我们建议基于价值观的方法，例如 MCDA，作为包容性淡水共同管理的前进方向，不仅在新西兰/新西兰，而且在其他地方也是如此。

毛利语术语表： Aotearoa：新西兰的毛利语名称；会：一次会议；毛利人：毛利人最大的部落单位；Kaitiakitanga：天空、海洋和陆地的守护者；Kākahi：大型淡水贻贝种类，包括Echyridella menziezii；Kōaro：新西兰特有鱼类（Galaxias brevipinnis）；kokopu：新西兰特有鱼科Galaxiidae中的一组；Mahinga kai：通常使用/收获的资源；matauranga Māori：毛利知识；Mauri：所有生物所固有的生命力或生命本质；Nohoaka：季节性占领地；Pā：定居点/村庄；Pākehā：非毛利新西兰人；Raupō：湿地植物（芦苇；香蒲））；Rūnaka：小型或地方部落单位；te ao Māori：毛利人的世界观承认所有生物和非生物的相互联系和相互关系；te mana o te wai：毛利语概念，指的是水的根本重要性，并认识到保护淡水的健康可以保护包括人类在内的更广泛环境的健康和福祉；金枪鱼：新西兰本土淡水鳗鱼（迪芬巴奇鳗鱼和澳大利亚鳗鲡）；重要的马欣加凯物种；瓦卡：独木舟