We analyze whether eco-innovation has a positive or negative influence on the business performance of companies and, through the complementarity approach, whether the joint implementation of R&D subsidy and R&D cooperation increases or decreases the sum of their respective individual impacts on the business performance. If the joint implementation is substitutive, business performance will be lower than potentially possible, so granting R&D subsidies under the condition of establishing R&D cooperation would not be an adequate policy to promote eco-innovation. The analyses were performed using data from the Technological Innovation Panel (PITEC) of 2013 for Spanish manufacturing companies. Our findings indicate that an eco-innovation-oriented strategy positively affects the labor productivity of companies and that receiving public aid as a consequence of establishing R&D cooperation agreements has a lower effect on labor productivity (non-eco-innovative companies), or the same effect (eco-innovative companies), compared to the sum of the individual impacts of R&D cooperation and R&D subsidy. Consequently, in non-eco-innovative companies the use of subsidized R&D cooperation is inadvisable, while their use in eco-innovative companies is neutral.

我们分析了生态创新对企业经营绩效的正向影响还是负向影响，并通过互补的方法，分析了研发补贴与研发合作的联合实施是否增加或减少了各自对企业经营绩效的影响之和。如果联合实施是替代性的，经营绩效将低于潜在可能，因此在建立研发合作的条件下给予研发补贴不是促进生态创新的适当政策。这些分析是使用来自西班牙制造公司 2013 年技术创新小组 (PITEC) 的数据进行的。我们的研究结果表明，以生态创新为导向的战略对企业的劳动生产率产生积极影响，而因建立研发合作协议而获得公共援助对劳动生产率（非生态创新企业）的影响较小，或相同效应（生态创新公司），与研发合作和研发补贴的个体影响之和相比。因此，在非生态创新公司中，使用补贴研发合作是不可取的，而它们在生态创新公司中的使用是中性的。