In his extensive writing about pictures, James J. Gibson offered perspective formulae for square tiles projecting trapezoids onto a picture plane, foreshortening to zero height with distance. I reverse the claim: as distance decreases, the trapezoids increase to infinite height, in marginal distortion, or forelengthening. I also reverse the direction of projection. Usually considered to be incoming, from the distant tile to the picture plane, in reverse—outgoing—the tiles have directions from the center of projection, with implications for haptics and people who are blind. A drawing of a cube illustrates the argument. It is by an adult who is blind. It includes foreshortening, and shows directions of surfaces from a vantage point.

在他关于图片的大量文章中，詹姆斯·J·吉布森（James J. Gibson）提供了方形瓷砖的透视公式，将梯形投影到图片平面上，随着距离缩短到零高度。我颠倒了这个说法：随着距离的减少，梯形增加到无限高，边缘变形或预拉长。我也反转了投影的方向。通常被认为是传入的，从远处的瓷砖到图片平面，反过来——输出——瓷砖具有从投影中心开始的方向，对触觉和盲人有影响。一个立方体的图画说明了这个论点。是一位失明的成年人。它包括透视，并从有利位置显示表面的方向。