Agroforests are of well-known importance for biodiversity conservation, especially in the tropics, because they are structurally stable and may resemble natural forests. Previous studies have characterized jointly taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity in these agro-ecosystems to comprehensively examine the mechanisms by which agriculture impacts on biodiversity. However, this approach has been barely applied to other woody crops of economic importance, such as olive grove, which is a remarkable overwintering habitat for frugivorous/insectivorous birds from central and northern Europe, and whose original distribution overlaps with the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot. We examined the effects of landscape complexity and intensive management practices at a local scale (recurrent plowing and pesticides use) on the functional and phylogenetic diversity of animal communities inhabiting olive groves. Since the response of functional traits or clades may vary across different taxonomic groups, we conducted our study at two levels: ants, which are considered semi-sessile organisms, and birds, which exhibit a high dispersal capacity. In birds, neither management type nor landscape complexity had an effect on phylogenetic diversity (PD) indices. Extensively managed farms harbored bird communities with higher values of functional diversity (FD), but this effect only was evident when considering cultivated (productive) zones within the farm (i.e., infield diversity). Ant assemblages on intensively managed farms exhibited a lower level of phylogenetic clustering than those located in extensive farms, but this effect vanished when excluding non-cultivated zones. Ant functional diversity increased with landscape complexity. Our results indicate that PD and FD exhibit different responses to farming intensification in olive groves. Although intensive management does not erode PD due to the existence of phylogenetic redundancy, the loss of species associated to modern farming leads to a reduction in FD being this indicative of functional complementarity. This study provides evidence that land-use extensification (extensive farming and landscape diversification) promotes more functionally rich assemblages than modern intensive practices in olive groves. Our findings also show the need to set apart the effect of non-cultivated zones (e.g., hedgerows, margins) when evaluating the effectiveness of agri-environment schemes as the joint consideration of non-cultivated and cultivated areas may obscure the benefits of local extensification on infield biodiversity.

农林对于生物多样性保护具有众所周知的重要性，尤其是在热带地区，因为它们结构稳定并且可能类似于天然林。先前的研究已经共同表征了这些农业生态系统中的分类、功能和系统发育多样性，以全面研究农业影响生物多样性的机制。然而，这种方法几乎没有应用于其他具有经济重要性的木本作物，例如橄榄树林，这是来自欧洲中部和北部的食果/食虫鸟类的一个显着越冬栖息地，其原始分布与地中海生物多样性热点重叠。我们研究了景观复杂性和局部范围内的集约化管理实践（经常性耕作和使用杀虫剂）对居住在橄榄树林中的动物群落的功能和系统发育多样性的影响。由于功能性状或进化枝的反应可能因不同的分类群而异，我们在两个层次上进行了研究：被认为是半无柄生物的蚂蚁和表现出高传播能力的鸟类。在鸟类中，管理类型和景观复杂性都不会影响系统发育多样性 (PD) 指数。广泛管理的农场拥有具有更高功能多样性 (FD) 值的鸟类群落，但这种影响仅在考虑农场内的栽培（生产）区域（即，内场多样性）时才明显。集约化管理农场的蚂蚁组合表现出的系统发育聚类水平低于粗放农场的蚂蚁组合，但当排除非耕作区时，这种影响消失了。蚂蚁功能多样性随着景观复杂度的增加而增加。我们的结果表明 PD 和 FD 对橄榄林中的农业集约化表现出不同的反应。尽管由于系统发育冗余的存在，集约化管理不会侵蚀 PD，但与现代农业相关的物种损失导致 FD 减少，这表明功能互补。这项研究提供的证据表明，土地利用扩展（粗放农业和景观多样化）比橄榄林中的现代集约化实践促进了功能更丰富的组合。