The conversion of natural vegetation to agriculture is a leading cause of biodiversity decline globally, and can impact negatively on ecosystem services such as pollination. Global meta-analyses find that crop visitation by wild pollinators increases with the amount of natural or semi-natural vegetation in the surrounding landscape. However, these studies typically test the effect of one land cover type, rather than comparing multiple land cover types, and so do not provide information about the land cover arrangements that maximize crop visitation by wild pollinators. We sampled wild bee visitors to apple flowers in 2017 and 2018, and weeds and native plants in apple orchards in 2018, along landscape gradients of native vegetation and non-crop agricultural cover (open grassy areas, grazed or ungrazed) across three widely-separate agricultural regions of southeast Australia. We compared different land cover types as predictors of wild bee visitation to apple orchards, classifying non-crop land cover as: 1) ‘natural vegetation’ (NV), 2) ‘open grassy areas’ (OGA), and 3) ‘natural vegetation plus open grassy areas’ (NVOGA). The dominant flower-visiting wild bees in apple orchards in all regions were soil-nesting species of Halictidae that appear to be capable of exploiting open areas cleared for agriculture; however, even these taxa were rare or absent from orchards in some regions and years. Wild bee visitation to apples was best predicted by OGA in 2017 (positive association), but no land cover type in 2018, while visitation to weeds and native plants increased with both OGA and NV. Comparing different ways of classifying non-crop land cover is important for identifying land management strategies that maximize crop pollination services. However, managing land cover for wild bees may have negligible impacts on apple pollination in southeast Australia where wild bees are often rare in orchards, exhibit between-year variation in land cover associations, and are vastly outnumbered by honeybees (> 90% of visits to apple flowers).

自然植被向农业的转变是全球生物多样性下降的主要原因，并可能对授粉等生态系统服务产生负面影响。全球荟萃分析发现，随着周围景观中自然或半自然植被数量的增加，野生传粉者对作物的访问会增加。然而，这些研究通常测试一种土地覆盖类型的影响，而不是比较多种土地覆盖类型，因此没有提供有关最大限度地增加野生传粉媒介作物访问的土地覆盖安排的信息。我们对 2017 年和 2018 年苹果花的野蜂游客以及 2018 年苹果园中的杂草和本土植物进行了采样，沿着原生植被和非作物农业覆盖（开阔的草地、放牧或未放牧）横跨澳大利亚东南部三个广泛分开的农业区。我们比较了不同的土地覆盖类型作为野生蜜蜂访问苹果园的预测因子，将非作物土地覆盖分类为：1）“天然植被”（NV），2）“开阔草地”（OGA），以及 3）“自然”植被加上开阔的草地（NVOGA）。在所有地区的苹果园中，主要的访花野蜂是土蜂科的土蜂种，它们似乎能够利用为农业开辟的空地；然而，即使是这些分类群在某些地区和年份的果园中也很少见或不存在。OGA 在 2017 年最好地预测了野蜂对苹果的访问（正相关），但 2018 年没有土地覆盖类型，而对杂草和本地植物的访问随着 OGA 和 NV 的增加而增加。比较不同的非作物土地覆盖分类方法对于确定最大限度地提高作物授粉服务的土地管理策略很重要。然而，管理野生蜜蜂的土地覆盖可能对澳大利亚东南部的苹果授粉影响微不足道，那里的野生蜜蜂在果园中通常很少见，土地覆盖协会表现出年间变化，并且被蜜蜂远远超过（> 90% 的访问苹果花）。