Recently, with the aim of decreasing the environmental impact of concrete, developing an environmentally friendly construction material using industrial by-products has received great attention. This study aims for developing an eco-friendly construction material using industrial by-products as alternatives to cement, namely fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and green nanoparticles (un-calcined high- (HH) and low-halloysite kaolin (LH)). 12 batches of cement-based and geopolymer mortars were manufactured, and their setting time, efflorescence, and compressive and splitting tensile strength were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to characterize the microstructure of the mortars. Production cost and embodied CO₂ of the mortars were also investigated. The results reveal that increasing kaolin content increases the setting time of the geopolymer, with mortars containing LH having a higher setting time than those containing HH. Incorporating HH leads to an increase (up to 6% at 6% HH) in the compressive strength of geopolymer, whereas incorporating LH results in a decrease (up to 6% at 9% LH) in the compressive strength of geopolymer. The results also show that both geopolymers containing HH and LH exhibit a higher splitting tensile strength (30–32% and 11–18%, respectively) than that of the companion geopolymers with no kaolin. Although the production cost of geopolymers is currently higher (∼40%) than that of the cement-based mortars, it is shown that their embodied CO₂ is significantly lower (∼134%), even when un-calcined kaolin is used in the geopolymer. These findings are promising and indicate the significant potential of using un-calcined kaolin materials in geopolymers towards cleaner production of structural grade construction materials.

近年来，为了降低混凝土对环境的影响，利用工业副产品开发环保型建筑材料受到了广泛关注。本研究旨在开发一种使用工业副产品作为水泥替代品的环保建筑材料，即粉煤灰 (FA) 和磨碎的高炉矿渣 (GGBS) 以及绿色纳米颗粒（未煅烧的高 (HH) 和低埃洛石高岭土 (LH))。制造了 12 批水泥基和地质聚合物砂浆，并评估了它们的凝结时间、风化以及抗压和劈裂抗拉强度。进行扫描电子显微镜（SEM）以表征砂浆的微观结构。生产成本和隐含 CO ₂的迫击炮也进行了调查。结果表明，增加高岭土含量会增加地质聚合物的凝固时间，含有 LH 的砂浆比含有 HH 的砂浆具有更长的凝固时间。掺入 HH 导致地质聚合物的抗压强度增加（在 6% HH 时高达 6%），而掺入 LH 导致地质聚合物的抗压强度降低（在 9% LH 时高达 6%）。结果还表明，与不含高岭土的地质聚合物相比，含有 HH 和 LH 的地质聚合物表现出更高的劈裂拉伸强度（分别为 30-32% 和 11-18%）。尽管目前地质聚合物的生产成本比水泥基砂浆的生产成本高（~40%），但表明它们所含的 CO ₂即使在地质聚合物中使用未煅烧的高岭土时，它也显着降低（~134%）。这些发现是有希望的，并表明在地质聚合物中使用未煅烧的高岭土材料在结构级建筑材料的清洁生产方面具有巨大潜力。