We perform extensive nonlinear numerical simulations of the spherical collapse of (charged) wave packets onto a charged black hole within Einstein-Maxwell theory and in Einstein-Maxwell-scalar theory featuring nonminimal couplings and a spontaneous scalarization mechanism. We confirm that black holes in full-fledged Einstein-Maxwell theory cannot be overcharged past extremality and no naked singularities form, in agreement with the cosmic censorship conjecture. We show that naked singularities do not form even in Einstein-Maxwell-scalar theory, although it is possible to form scalarized black holes with charge above the Reissner-Nordström bound. We argue that charge and mass extraction due to superradiance at the fully nonlinear level is crucial to bound the charge-to-mass ratio of the final black hole below extremality. We also discuss some “descalarization” mechanisms for scalarized black holes induced either by superradiance or by absorption of an opposite-charged wave packet; in all cases the final state after descalarization is a subextremal Reissner-Nordström black hole.

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用数值模拟的 gedanken 实验挑战爱因斯坦-麦克斯韦标量理论中的宇宙审查

我们在爱因斯坦-麦克斯韦理论和爱因斯坦-麦克斯韦标量理论中对（带电）波包在带电黑洞上的球形坍缩进行了广泛的非线性数值模拟，这些理论具有非最小耦合和自发标量机制。我们确认成熟的爱因斯坦-麦克斯韦理论中的黑洞不能被过度充电，超过极值并且没有裸奇点形式，这与宇宙审查猜想一致。我们表明即使在爱因斯坦-麦克斯韦标量理论中也不会形成裸奇点，尽管有可能形成带电荷超过 Reissner-Nordström 界限的标量化黑洞。我们认为，在完全非线性水平上由于超辐射引起的电荷和质量提取对于将最终黑洞的荷质比限制在极值以下至关重要。我们还讨论了由超辐射或吸收相反电荷的波包引起的标化黑洞的一些“去标化”机制；在所有情况下，去标化后的最终状态是次极值 Reissner-Nordström 黑洞。