Commercial mushrooms are cultivated on lignocellulose wastes, such as corncob, saw dust, straw and wood chips. Following the rapidly increasing global mushroom production, the efficient recycling and utilization of the by-product, known as spent mushroom substrate (SMS) has garnered much attention due to the serious pollution issues caused. Embracing the concept of ‘circular economy’, the SMSs have demonstrated immense potential in wide range of applications, including recycling as the substrate for new cultivation cycle of mushroom, biofertilizer and soil amendment, animal feed, renewable energy production and pollution bioremediation. The review provided an overview and recent advances focusing on these applications, analyzed the possible challenges and proposed future directions for sustainable development of global mushroom industry.

商业蘑菇是在木质纤维素废料上种植的，例如玉米芯、锯末、稻草和木屑。随着全球蘑菇产量的快速增长，副产品（即废弃蘑菇基质（SMS））的有效回收和利用因其造成的严重污染问题而备受关注。拥抱“循环经济”的概念，SMSs 在广泛的应用中显示出巨大的潜力，包括作为新的蘑菇种植周期的基质、生物肥料和土壤改良剂、动物饲料、可再生能源生产和污染生物修复的回收利用。该评论概述了这些应用的最新进展，分析了可能面临的挑战，并提出了全球蘑菇产业可持续发展的未来方向。