Knowledge of the shared resources—or commons—that aquaculture systems rely on, and the appropriate rule and norm systems to govern them—or institutions—is far behind other natural resource use sectors. In this article, we provide a conceptual framework for identifying the social and environmental commons creating collective action problems for aquaculture governance. Collective action problems, or social dilemmas, create problems for governing shared resources because the typical strategies for individual use (maximisation; free riding) are often divergent from broader group interests (e.g. fair contributions; sustainable use). This framework helps identify two types of collective action problems in aquaculture: first-order (direct use and provision of commons) and second-order (provision, maintenance and adaptation of institutions to govern commons). First-order aquaculture commons with governance challenges include water quality, water quantity, physical space, inputs, genetic diversity, mitigating infectious disease, earth and climate stability, infrastructure, knowledge and money. Second-order institutions govern the use of first-order commons. These include rule and norm systems that structure property rights and markets, aiming to better align individual behaviour and collective interests (e.g. sustainability goals) through governance. However, which combination of institutions will fit best is likely to be unique to context, where aquaculture has important differences from capture fisheries and agriculture. We provide four case examples applying our conceptual framework to identify existing aquaculture commons, institutions and governance challenges in Peru (mariculture), the Philippines (earthen ponds), Nepal (raceways) and Denmark (recirculation).

中文翻译：

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管理水产养殖公地

关于水产养殖系统所依赖的共享资源（或公地）的知识，以及管理它们的适当规则和规范系统（或机构）远远落后于其他自然资源使用部门。在本文中，我们提供了一个概念框架，用于识别为水产养殖治理带来集体行动问题的社会和环境公域。集体行动问题或社会困境给管理共享资源带来了问题，因为个人使用的典型策略（最大化；搭便车）通常与更广泛的群体利益（例如公平贡献；可持续使用）不同。该框架有助于确定水产养殖中的两类集体行动问题：一级（直接使用和提供公地）和二级（提供、维护和调整管理公地的机构）。具有治理挑战的一级水产养殖公地包括水质、水量、物理空间、投入、遗传多样性、减轻传染病、地球和气候稳定性、基础设施、知识和资金。二阶制度管理一阶公地的使用。其中包括构建产权和市场的规则和规范体系，旨在通过治理更好地协调个人行为和集体利益（例如可持续性目标）。然而，哪种机构组合最适合可能因具体情况而异，水产养殖与捕捞渔业和农业有重要区别。我们提供了四个案例，应用我们的概念框架来识别现有的水产养殖公地，