The impacts of cities and climate warming on extreme rainfall under strong synoptic conditions are not well understood. Here, we carry out the first model-based assessment of urban impacts on extreme flood-producing storms for the European region. We identify contrasting roles of cities and climate warming in determining the space-time variability of the July 14, 2021 storm over western Europe. While climate warming dominates the temporal rainfall variability over the domain, cities further enhance total rainfall over their suburbs by dynamically modifying the intensity and position of moisture convergence. There is a cyclonic structure of flow anomalies around the city induced by urban surface roughness. The rainfall anomaly induced by the interactive impacts of cities and climate warming is 50% larger than by those urban impacts alone. We highlight a need to develop a regional framework by reconciling the emerging urban-rural contrasts in vulnerability and preparedness to hydrometeorological extremes.

中文翻译：

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城市化加剧了气候变暖下欧洲郊区的降雨

在强天气条件下，城市和气候变暖对极端降雨的影响尚不清楚。在这里，我们对欧洲地区的城市对极端洪涝风暴的影响进行了首次基于模型的评估。我们确定了城市和气候变暖在确定 2021 年 7 月 14 日西欧风暴时空变异性方面的对比作用。虽然气候变暖在该域的时间降雨变化中占主导地位，但城市通过动态改变水分汇聚的强度和位置，进一步提高了郊区的总降雨量。由城市地表粗糙度引起的城市周围流动异常的气旋结构。由城市和气候变暖的交互影响引起的降雨异常比单独的城市影响大 50%。