The effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on biomarkers of oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro: A protocol for a systematic review,Environment International

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The effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on biomarkers of oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro: A protocol for a systematic review
Environment International ( IF 11.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-10-15 , DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106932
Bernd Henschenmacher ₁ , Annette Bitsch ₂ , Tonia de Las Heras Gala ₁ , Henry Jay Forman ₃ , Athanassios Fragoulis ₄ , Pietro Ghezzi ₅ , Rupert Kellner ₂ , Wolfgang Koch ₂ , Jens Kuhne ₁ , Dmitrij Sachno ₂ , Gernot Schmid ₆ , Katya Tsaioun ₇ , Jos Verbeek ₈ , Robert Wright ₉

Affiliation

Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; University of California Merced, 5200 Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Trafford Centre, Falmer BN1 9RY, United Kingdom; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.
Seibersdorf Laboratories, Campus Seibersdorf, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
Evidence-based Toxicology Collaboration (EBTC), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
University Medical Center Amsterdam, Cochrane Work, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
William H. Welch Medical Library, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 2024 E. Monument Street, Suite 1-200, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

Background

Oxidative stress is conjectured to be related to many diseases. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that radiofrequency fields may induce oxidative stress in various cell types and thereby compromise human and animal health. This systematic review (SR) aims to summarize and evaluate the literature related to this hypothesis.

Objectives

The main objective of this SR is to evaluate the associations between the exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and oxidative stress in experimental models (in vivo and in vitro).

Methods

The SR framework has been developed following the guidelines established in the WHO Handbook for Guideline Development and the Handbook for Conducting a Literature-Based Health Assessment). We will include controlled in vivo and in vitro laboratory studies that assess the effects of an exposure to RF-EMF on valid markers for oxidative stress compared to no or sham exposure. The protocol is registered in PROSPERO.

We will search the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, and the EMF-Portal. The reference lists of included studies and retrieved review articles will also be manually searched.

Study appraisal and synthesis method

Data will be extracted according to a pre-defined set of forms developed in the DistillerSR online software and synthesized in a meta-analysis when studies are judged sufficiently similar to be combined. If a meta-analysis is not possible, we will describe the effects of the exposure in a narrative way.

Risk of bias

The risk of bias will be assessed with the NTP/OHAT risk of bias rating tool for human and animal studies.

We will use GRADE to assess the certainty of the conclusions (high, moderate, low, or inadequate) regarding the association between radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and oxidative stress.