Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an important polysaccharide synthesized by some bacterial species under specific culture conditions, which presents several remarkable features such as microporosity, high water holding capacity, good mechanical properties and good biocompatibility, making it a potential biomaterial for medical applications. Since its discovery, BC has been used for wound dressing, drug delivery, artificial blood vessels, bone tissue engineering, and so forth. Additionally, BC can be simply manipulated to form its derivatives or composites with enhanced physicochemical and functional properties. Several polymers, carbon-based nanomaterials, and metal nanoparticles (NPs) have been introduced into BC by ex situ and in situ methods to design hybrid materials with enhanced functional properties. This review provides comprehensive knowledge and highlights recent advances in BC production strategies, its structural features, various in situ and ex situ modification techniques, and its potential for biomedical applications.

细菌纤维素（BC）是一些细菌在特定培养条件下合成的重要多糖，具有微孔性、高持水能力、良好的机械性能和良好的生物相容性等显着特点，使其成为具有潜在医学应用价值的生物材料。自发现以来，BC 已被用于伤口敷料、药物输送、人造血管、骨组织工程等。此外，BC 可以简单地操作以形成其具有增强的物理化学和功能特性的衍生物或复合物。几种聚合物、碳基纳米材料和金属纳米粒子 (NPs) 已通过异位和原位引入 BC设计具有增强功能特性的混合材料的方法。这篇综述提供了全面的知识，并重点介绍了 BC 生产策略、其结构特征、各种原位和非原位修饰技术及其在生物医学应用方面的潜力方面的最新进展。