Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable plasma cell malignancy. Although little is known about the etiology of MM, several metabolic risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, poor nutrition, many of which are modifiable, have been linked to the pathogenesis of numerous neoplasms including MM. In this article, we provide a detailed summary of what is known about the impact of obesity on the pathogenesis of MM, its influence on outcomes in MM patients, and discuss potential mechanisms through which obesity is postulated to influence MM risk and prognosis. Along with advancements in treatment modalities to improve survival in MM patients, focused efforts are needed to prevent or intercept MM at its earliest stages. The consolidated findings presented in this review highlight the need for clinical trials to assess if lifestyle modifications can reduce the incidence and improve outcomes of MM in high-risk populations. Data generated from such studies can help formulate evidence-based lifestyle recommendations for the prevention and control of MM.

多发性骨髓瘤 (MM) 仍然是无法治愈的浆细胞恶性肿瘤。尽管对 MM 的病因知之甚少，但肥胖、糖尿病、营养不良等多种代谢危险因素（其中许多是可以改变的）与包括 MM 在内的许多肿瘤的发病机制有关。在本文中，我们详细总结了肥胖对 MM 发病机制的影响及其对 MM 患者预后的影响，并讨论了肥胖影响 MM 风险和预后的潜在机制。随着治疗方式的进步以提高 MM 患者的生存率，需要集中精力在 MM 的早期阶段预防或拦截。本综述中提出的综合研究结果强调了临床试验的必要性，以评估改变生活方式是否可以降低高危人群 MM 的发病率和改善结果。此类研究产生的数据有助于制定基于证据的生活方式建议，以预防和控制 MM。