Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which are associated with high morbidity and mortality worldwide, include atherosclerosis (AS), hypertension, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation, and myocardial fibrosis. CVDs are influenced by the diversity, distribution, and metabolites of intestinal microflora, and their risk can be reduced through physical activity (PA) such as regular exercise. PA benefits the metabolic changes that occur in the gut microbiota (GM). The major metabolites of the GM influence pathogenesis of CVDs through various pathways. However, the relationship between PA and GM is less well understood. In this review, we discuss the impacts of different types of PA on intestinal microflora including the diversity, distribution, metabolites, and intestinal barrier function including intestinal permeability, with a focus on the mechanisms by which PA affects GM. We also discuss how GM influences CVDs. Finally, we summarize current research and knowledge on the effects of PA on CVD via regulation of the GM and intestinal function. More understanding of relevant relationship between PA and GM may provide hope for the prevention or treatment of CVDs. Furthermore, a better understanding of regulation of the GM and intestinal function may lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, improving the clinical care of CVD patients.

中文翻译：

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体力活动、肠道菌群和心血管疾病之间的关系

心血管疾病 (CVD) 在全球范围内与高发病率和死亡率相关，包括动脉粥样硬化 (AS)、高血压、心力衰竭 (HF)、心房颤动和心肌纤维化。心血管疾病受肠道菌群多样性、分布和代谢物的影响，可以通过定期锻炼等体育活动（PA）降低其风险。PA 有益于肠道微生物群 (GM) 中发生的代谢变化。转基因的主要代谢物通过各种途径影响心血管疾病的发病机制。然而，人们对 PA 和 GM 之间的关系知之甚少。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了不同类型的 PA 对肠道菌群的影响，包括多样性、分布、代谢物和肠道屏障功能，包括肠道通透性，重点关注 PA 影响 GM 的机制。我们还讨论了转基因如何影响心血管疾病。最后，我们总结了当前关于 PA 通过调节 GM 和肠道功能对 CVD 影响的研究和知识。进一步了解 PA 与 GM 的相关关系，可能为 CVD 的预防或治疗提供希望。此外，更好地了解 GM 和肠道功能的调节可能会导致新的诊断和治疗策略，改善 CVD 患者的临床护理。