Environmental enrichment (EE) can improve the welfare of captive fish. Its objective is to provide new sensorial and motor stimulation in order to help meet their behavioural, physiological, morphological and psychological needs, whilst reducing stress and frequency of abnormal behaviours. In fish farms, rearing environments are usually designed from a human perspective and based on economic requirements, mainly for practical reasons for the farmer, with little consideration for animal welfare. Throughout aquaculture production cycles, many farming operations can be stressful for fish, and EE may not only help them cope with these stressful events but also improve their overall welfare. In recent years, increasing interest on the effects of EE in captive fish has focussed mainly on structural enrichment. However, there are many other enrichment strategies that merit attention (e.g. sensorial, occupational, social and dietary enrichment) and which may be of interest for fish farming. Here, we review in depth the existing literature on EE and its effects on the welfare of a wide range of farmed fish species, discussing the feasibility and potential applications of different EE strategies to promote fish welfare at a commercial scale. We also present a practical framework to address the design, validation and implementation of EE by the aquaculture industry, taking in consideration the technical challenges of providing enrichment for farmed fish.

中文翻译：

---

鱼类水产养殖中的环境富集：基本和实践方面的回顾

环境浓缩（EE）可以改善圈养鱼类的福利。其目标是提供新的感官和运动刺激，以帮助满足他们的行为、生理、形态和心理需求，同时减少压力和异常行为的频率。在养鱼场，饲养环境通常从人的角度设计，并基于经济要求，主要是出于农民的实际原因，很少考虑动物福利。在整个水产养殖生产周期中，许多养殖作业可能会给鱼类带来压力，EE 不仅可以帮助他们应对这些压力事件，还可以改善他们的整体福利。近年来，人们对 EE 对圈养鱼类的影响越来越感兴趣，主要集中在结构富集上。然而，还有许多其他值得关注的丰富策略（例如感官、职业、社会和饮食丰富），并且可能对养鱼业感兴趣。在这里，我们深入回顾了现有的关于 EE 及其对多种养殖鱼类福利的影响的文献，讨论了不同 EE 策略在商业规模上促进鱼类福利的可行性和潜在应用。我们还提出了一个实用的框架来解决水产养殖业对 EE 的设计、验证和实施，同时考虑到为养殖鱼类提供富集的技术挑战。我们深入回顾了现有的关于 EE 及其对多种养殖鱼类福利的影响的文献，讨论了不同 EE 策略在商业规模上促进鱼类福利的可行性和潜在应用。我们还提出了一个实用的框架来解决水产养殖业对 EE 的设计、验证和实施，同时考虑到为养殖鱼类提供富集的技术挑战。我们深入回顾了现有的关于 EE 及其对多种养殖鱼类福利的影响的文献，讨论了不同 EE 策略在商业规模上促进鱼类福利的可行性和潜在应用。我们还提出了一个实用的框架来解决水产养殖业对 EE 的设计、验证和实施，同时考虑到为养殖鱼类提供富集的技术挑战。