Non-consensual dissemination of intimate images (NCII) is a growing problem of sexual violence with grave consequences for victims. However, despite recent criminalization and civil and legal sanctions, there is reason to suspect that the majority of NCII cases remain unreported. The reasons for that may be similar to the ones accounting for under-reporting in cases of physical sexual violence and are tied to society’s attitude toward victims. Being a relatively new form of violence, psychological research on perceptions of NCII victims and offenders is scarce. The purpose of the present study was to extend the current knowledge by comparing perceptions toward female and male victims of NCII, while manipulating the victim’s role in producing the intimate material. Drawing on rape research, it was hypothesized that gender stereotypes interact with victims’ sex and behavior to influence the way victims are perceived. Five-hundred and thirty-nine male and female students were presented with a scenario depicting an NCII offense in which the intimate material was either self-generated by the victim (selfies) or stealth-taken by the victim’s ex-intimate partner. Victim and offender sex were also manipulated. The findings indicate a differential treatment toward female and male victims of NCII, depending on their role in the taking of the intimate images. More blaming was attributed toward a female victim whose intimate images were self-taken, in comparison to all other research conditions, and negative feelings toward her were the highest as well. These blame attributions, as well as negative feelings toward female victims, were particularly high on the side of male participants. The findings are interpreted as reflecting perceptions of traditional gender roles and a double standard toward female and male sexual behavior.

未经同意传播亲密图像 (NCII) 是一个日益严重的性暴力问题，对受害者造成严重后果。然而，尽管最近被定罪并受到民事和法律制裁，但有理由怀疑大多数 NCII 案件仍未报告。其原因可能类似于身体性暴力案件报告不足的原因，并且与社会对受害者的态度有关。作为一种相对较新的暴力形式，对 NCII 受害者和罪犯的看法的心理学研究很少。本研究的目的是通过比较对 NCII 的女性和男性受害者的看法来扩展当前的知识，同时操纵受害者在生产亲密材料中的角色。借鉴强奸研究，据推测，性别陈规定型观念与受害者的性别和行为相互作用，从而影响对受害者的看法。向 539 名男女学生展示了一个描述 NCII 犯罪的场景，其中亲密材料要么由受害者自行生成（自拍），要么由受害者的前亲密伴侣偷偷拿走。受害人和罪犯的性行为也受到操纵。调查结果表明，NCII 的女性和男性受害者受到不同的待遇，这取决于他们在拍摄亲密照片中的作用。与所有其他研究条件相比，更多的指责归因于一位女性受害者，她的亲密照片是自拍的，对她的负面​​情绪也是最高的。这些责备归因，以及对女性受害者的负面情绪，男性参与者的比例特别高。这些发现被解释为反映了对传统性别角色的看法以及对女性和男性性行为的双重标准。