Disinformation in armed conflict may pose several distinctive forms of harm to civilians: exposure to retaliatory violence, distortion of information vital to securing human needs, and severe mental suffering. The gravity of these harms, along with the modern nature of wartime disinformation, is out of keeping with the traditional classification of disinformation in international humanitarian law (IHL) as a permissible ruse of war. A patchwork set of protections drawn from IHL, international human rights law and international criminal law may be used to limit disinformation operations during armed conflict, but numerous gaps and ambiguities undermine the force of this legal framework, calling for further scholarly attention and clarification.

中文翻译：

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说谎者的战争：在武装冲突期间保护平民免受虚假信息的影响

武装冲突中的虚假信息可能对平民造成几种不同形式的伤害：遭受报复性暴力、歪曲对确保人类需求至关重要的信息以及严重的精神痛苦。这些危害的严重性，以及战时虚假信息的现代性质，与国际人道法 (IHL) 中将虚假信息作为可允许的战争诡计的传统分类不符。从国际人道法、国际人权法和国际刑法中提取的一套拼凑的保护措施可用于限制武装冲突期间的虚假信息行动，但许多漏洞和模棱两可削弱了这一法律框架的效力，需要进一步的学术关注和澄清。