As awareness about stalking has grown, so has an understanding that the justice system has not effectively protected victims from that unique crime. In 1990, California implemented reforms in stalking criminal laws, and by the end of the 1990s all states had done so. In 1994, federal anti-stalking laws were passed. Early research found limited success with new stalking laws as most did not result in conviction. Civil rights of action and protective orders for stalking victims have also been passed by states. This manuscript reviews the history legal reforms to address stalking and offers select recommendations for future reform.

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关于跟踪的刑事到民事改革：模型响应的历史和建议

随着人们对缠扰行为的认识不断提高，人们对司法系统未能有效保护受害者免受这种独特犯罪侵害的认识也在增加。1990 年，加利福尼亚州对跟踪刑法实施了改革，到 1990 年代末，所有州都这样做了。1994 年，通过了联邦反缠扰行为法。早期研究发现，新的跟踪法取得的成功有限，因为大多数都没有导致定罪。各州还通过了针对跟踪受害者的民事诉讼权和保护令。这份手稿回顾了历史上为解决缠扰行为而进行的法律改革，并为未来的改革提供了精选的建议。