Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines have shown efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, it is unknown if coronavirus vaccines can also protect against other coronaviruses that may infect humans in the future. Here, we show that coronavirus vaccines elicited cross-protective immune responses against heterologous coronaviruses. In particular, we show that a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) vaccine developed in 2004 and known to protect against SARS-CoV-1 conferred robust heterologous protection against SARS-CoV-2 in mice. Similarly, prior coronavirus infections conferred heterologous protection against distinct coronaviruses. Cross-reactive immunity was also reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and in individuals who received SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and transfer of plasma from these individuals into mice improved protection against coronavirus challenges. These findings provide the first demonstration to our knowledge that coronavirus vaccines (and prior coronavirus infections) can confer broad protection against heterologous coronaviruses and establish a rationale for universal coronavirus vaccines.

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冠状病毒疫苗接种和冠状病毒感染后的交叉保护性免疫

尽管严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 疫苗已显示出对 SARS-CoV-2 的功效，但尚不清楚冠状病毒疫苗是否还可以预防未来可能感染人类的​​其他冠状病毒。在这里，我们表明冠状病毒疫苗引发了针对异源冠状病毒的交叉保护性免疫反应。特别是，我们表明，2004 年开发的一种严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 1 (SARS-CoV-1) 疫苗可以预防 SARS-CoV-1，它在小鼠中对 SARS-CoV-2 具有强大的异源保护作用。同样，先前的冠状病毒感染赋予了针对不同冠状病毒的异源保护。在 2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 患者和接种 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗的个体中也报告了交叉反应性免疫，并将这些个体的血浆转移到小鼠体内，提高了对冠状病毒挑战的保护。这些发现首次证明了我们的知识，即冠状病毒疫苗（和先前的冠状病毒感染）可以对异源冠状病毒提供广泛的保护，并为通用冠状病毒疫苗奠定了基础。