Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) might be a central technology to reach the decarbonisation goals of the European energy system. However, CCS deployment faces multiple economic, technological, and infrastructure challenges. Related literature tends to only focus on certain aspects of the CCS technology or to be limited to a particular sector perspective. In contrast, this paper presents a holistic modelling framework to analyse the long-term perspectives of CCS in Europe by extending the typical analysis from the electricity sector to the industry sector, and by including the CO₂ infrastructure level with CO₂ pipelines and storage. To this end, we use state-of-the-art models of the electricity sector (generation investment and electricity grid models), the industry sector, as well as the CO₂ infrastructure sector. This unique modelling framework analyses the feasibility and costs of CCS deployment in the European Union towards 2050 in three scenarios with the same ambitious climate policy target (~85% CO₂ emissions reduction). The main insights on the deployment of CCS in Europe hinges on two factors: i) the development of low-cost power generation technologies with carbon capture (coal and/or gas-fired), and ii) a sufficiently high CO₂ price to compensate for the costs of deploying the CO₂ transport infrastructure. Once CO₂ transport infrastructure is available, CCS will be a preferred mitigation option for the industry sector emissions. The joint use of CO₂ infrastructure by the electricity and the industry sector allows for economies of scale and economies of density. In the long term, CCS cannot achieve the 100% decarbonisation target of the energy sector because the technology can only capture 80–90% of the CO₂ emissions of thermal power plants. Moreover, the advantages of CCS in terms of energy system costs compared to a system without CCS is rather small, in the range of 2%. It crucially depends on the costs of renewables and the costs of their integration in the electricity grid.

碳捕集与封存 (CCS) 可能是实现欧洲能源系统脱碳目标的核心技术。然而，CCS 部署面临多重经济、技术和基础设施挑战。相关文献往往只关注 CCS 技术的某些方面或仅限于特定部门的观点。相比之下，本文提出了一个整体建模框架，通过将典型分析从电力部门扩展到工业部门，并将 CO ₂基础设施水平与 CO ₂管道和存储。为此，我们使用了电力部门（发电投资和电网模型）、工业部门以及 CO ₂基础设施部门的最先进模型。这种独特的建模框架分析了欧盟到 2050 年在具有相同雄心勃勃的气候政策目标（约 85% 的 CO ₂排放量）的三种情景中部署 CCS 的可行性和成本。关于在欧洲部署 CCS 的主要见解取决于两个因素：i) 开发具有碳捕获（煤和/或燃气）的低成本发电技术，以及 ii) 足够高的 CO ₂价格来补偿用于部署 CO ₂运输基础设施的成本。一旦 CO ₂交通基础设施可用，CCS 将成为工业部门排放的首选缓解方案。电力部门和工业部门联合使用 CO ₂基础设施可以实现规模经济和密度经济。从长远来看，CCS 无法实现能源部门 100% 的脱碳目标，因为该技术只能捕获火力发电厂80-90% 的 CO ₂排放。此外，与没有 CCS 的系统相比，CCS 在能源系统成本方面的优势相当小，在 2% 的范围内。这在很大程度上取决于可再生能源的成本及其并入电网的成本。