The devices forming Internet of Things (IoT) networks need to be re-programmed over the air, so that new features are added, software bugs or security vulnerabilities are resolved, and their applications can be re-purposed. The limitations of IoT devices, such as installation in locations with limited physical access, resource-constrained nature, large scale, and high heterogeneity, should be taken into consideration for designing an efficient and reliable pipeline for over-the-air programming (OTAP). In this work, we present a survey of OTAP techniques, which can be applied to IoT networks. We highlight the main challenges and limitations of OTAP for IoT devices and analyze the essential steps of the firmware update process, along with different approaches and techniques that implement them. In addition, we discuss schemes that focus on securing the OTAP process. Finally, we present a collection of state-of-the-art open-source and commercial platforms that integrate secure and reliable OTAP.

中文翻译：

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物联网网络固件无线编程技术 - 调查

构成物联网 (IoT) 网络的设备需要通过空中重新编程，以便添加新功能、解决软件错误或安全漏洞，并重新调整其应用程序的用途。在为无线编程 (OTAP) 设计高效可靠的管道时，应考虑物联网设备的局限性，例如安装在物理访问受限、资源受限、大规模和高异质性的位置. 在这项工作中，我们对 OTAP 技术进行了调查，该技术可应用于物联网网络。我们强调了物联网设备 OTAP 的主要挑战和限制，并分析了固件更新过程的基本步骤，以及实现它们的不同方法和技术。此外，我们讨论了专注于保护 OTAP 流程的方案。最后，我们展示了一系列集成了安全可靠 OTAP 的最先进的开源和商业平台。