Microbial production of natural compounds has attracted extensive attention due to their high value in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Constructing efficient microbial cell factories for biosynthesis of natural products requires the fine-tuning of gene expressions to minimize the accumulation of toxic metabolites, reduce the competition between cell growth and product generation, as well as achieve the balance of redox or co-factors. In this review, we focus on recent advances in fine-tuning gene expression at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels to improve the microbial biosynthesis of natural products. Commonly used regulatory toolsets in each level are discussed, and perspectives for future direction in this area are provided.

天然化合物的微生物生产因其在制药、化妆品和食品工业中的高价值而受到广泛关注。构建用于天然产物生物合成的高效微生物细胞工厂需要对基因表达进行微调，以最大限度地减少有毒代谢物的积累，减少细胞生长和产物生成之间的竞争，并实现氧化还原或辅助因子的平衡。在这篇综述中，我们重点关注在 DNA、RNA 和蛋白质水平上微调基因表达以改善天然产物的微生物生物合成的最新进展。讨论了每个级别常用的监管工具集，并提供了该领域未来方向的展望。