Permanent raised beds (PB) are a conservation agriculture option for irrigated conditions that can improve soil quality, increase soil moisture conservation and stabilize yields compared to conventional furrow irrigation. In irrigated wheat (Triticum sp.) production, wet sowing (i.e. applying irrigation before sowing) is most widely used. It allows pre-sowing weed control but reduces sowing time flexibility. Dry sowing, i.e. applying irrigation after sowing, reduces options for weed control but improves water use efficiency and sowing time flexibility. This study evaluated the performance of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) under conventionally tilled (CTB) and PB with wet and dry sowing in northwestern Mexico. In those four tillage-sowing irrigation environments (ENV), five nitrogen (N) fertilization treatments were tested. Plant stand, grain yield, and grain quality were measured for ten years and fertilizer-based N use efficiency indices were assessed in three years. Plant stand, wheat yield and quality were significantly affected by ENV. The lowest plant stand and yield were found in PB-Dry sowing. On average, only 54 plants m^-2 emerged in PB-Dry whereas 159 plants m^-2 emerged in CTB-Wet. Plant stand showed high yearly fluctuations, with plant stand in dry sowing favored by lower reference evapotranspiration, with CTB-Dry favored more by high minimum temperature and PB-Dry by high maximum temperature. Yield ranged between 4.20 and 7.94 t ha^-1. Yield in PB-Dry was on average 0.35 to 0.50 t ha^-1 lower than in the remaining ENV, but positive interactions between year and dry sowing systems were associated with high minimum temperatures at germination and tillering. N fertilization management affected wheat quality, but not wheat yield, possibly due to high levels of soil mineral N available at sowing that were not measured in this study. Split application of N increased grain N content compared to basal N application. Research should address reduced plant stands with dry sowing in conservation agriculture to find management options that improve wheat emergence. Further efforts to optimize N fertilizer management in PB are required to improve grain quality components.

永久性高架床 (PB) 是灌溉条件下的保护性农业选择，与传统的沟灌相比，可以改善土壤质量、增加土壤水分保持和稳定产量。在灌溉小麦（Triticum sp.）生产中，湿播种（即播种前灌溉）使用最广泛。它允许播种前杂草控制，但降低了播种时间的灵活性。干播，即播种后灌溉，减少了杂草控制的选择，但提高了用水效率和播种时间的灵活性。本研究评估了硬粒小麦（Triticum durumL.) 在墨西哥西北部采用常规耕作 (CTB) 和 PB 进行湿播和干播。在这四种耕播灌溉环境 (ENV) 中，测试了五种氮 (N) 施肥处理。10 年测量植株、粮食产量和粮食质量，并在 3 年内评估基于肥料的氮利用效率指数。ENV显着影响植株、小麦产量和品质。在 PB-Dry 播种中发现了最低的植株等级和产量。平均而言，PB-Dry 中只有 54 株 m ^-2出现，而 159 株 m ^-2出现在 CTB-Wet 中。植物林分显示出较大的年度波动，干播植物林分受较低参考蒸发蒸腾量的青睐，CTB-Dry 受高最低温度的影响更大，而 PB-Dry 受最高温度高的青睐。产量介于 4.20 和 7.94 t ha ^{-1 之间}。PB-Dry 的产量平均为 0.35 至 0.50 t ha ^-1低于其余的 ENV，但年播和干播系统之间的正相互作用与发芽和分蘖时的最低温度高有关。施氮管理影响小麦品质，但不影响小麦产量，这可能是由于播种时土壤矿物质氮含量高，而本研究未测量。与基施氮相比，分次施氮增加了籽粒氮含量。研究应解决保护性农业中干播减少的植物林分问题，以找到改善小麦出苗的管理方案。需要进一步努力优化 PB 中的氮肥管理，以改善谷物质量成分。