Active retrieval can alter the strength and content of a memory, yielding either enhanced or distorted subsequent recall. However, how consolidation influences these retrieval-induced seemingly contradictory outcomes remains unknown. Here we show that rapid neural reorganization over an eight-run retrieval practice predicted subsequent recall. Retrieval practice boosted memory retention following a 24-hour (long-term) but not 30-minute delay, and increased false memory at both delays. Long-term retention gains were predicted by multi-voxel representation distinctiveness in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) that increased progressively over retrieval practice. False memory was predicted by unstable representation distinctiveness in the medial temporal lobe (MTL). Retrieval practice enhanced the efficiency of memory-related brain networks, through building up PPC and MTL connections with the ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex that predicted long-term retention gains and false memory, respectively. Our findings indicate that retrieval-induced rapid neural reorganization together with consecutive consolidation fosters long-term retention and false memories via distinct pathways.

主动检索可以改变记忆的强度和内容，从而产生增强或扭曲的后续回忆。然而，整合如何影响这些由检索引起的看似矛盾的结果仍然未知。在这里，我们展示了在八次运行的检索实践中快速神经重组预测了随后的回忆。检索练习在 24 小时（长期）但不是 30 分钟的延迟后提高了记忆保留，并且在两次延迟时都增加了错误记忆。通过后顶叶皮层 (PPC) 中的多体素表示独特性预测了长期保留增益，该表示在检索练习中逐渐增加。错误记忆是由内侧颞叶 (MTL) 中不稳定的表征独特性预测的。检索练习提高了与记忆相关的大脑网络的效率，通过与分别预测长期保留增益和错误记忆的腹外侧和背外侧前额叶皮层建立 PPC 和 MTL 连接。我们的研究结果表明，检索引起的快速神经重组和连续巩固通过不同的途径促进了长期保留和错误记忆。