Complex networks have become the main paradigm for modelling the dynamics of interacting systems. However, networks are intrinsically limited to describing pairwise interactions, whereas real-world systems are often characterized by higher-order interactions involving groups of three or more units. Higher-order structures, such as hypergraphs and simplicial complexes, are therefore a better tool to map the real organization of many social, biological and man-made systems. Here, we highlight recent evidence of collective behaviours induced by higher-order interactions, and we outline three key challenges for the physics of higher-order systems.

中文翻译：

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复杂系统中高阶相互作用的物理学

复杂网络已成为建模交互系统动力学的主要范式。然而，网络本质上仅限于描述成对的交互，而现实世界的系统通常以涉及三个或更多单元的组的高阶交互为特征。因此，高阶结构，例如超图和单纯复形，是绘制许多社会、生物和人造系统的真实组织的更好工具。在这里，我们强调了由高阶相互作用引起的集体行为的最新证据，并概述了高阶系统物理学的三个关键挑战。