The effectiveness of a virtual reality experience is strongly affected by the sense of presence of the users involved. This article reviews the different definitions of presence and the main proposed methods to measure it through the analysis of 1,214 papers published in the past 30 years. From the analysis of 239 user studies, we found that 85.8% used subjective measures, 11.7% used a combination of subjective and objective measures, while 2.5% used only objective measures. We also identified, from the studies reviewed, 29 main factors to evoke presence in virtual environments, grouped into four categories: Engagement, Personal Characteristics, Interaction Fidelity, and Display Fidelity.

中文翻译：

---

测量虚拟环境中的存在：一项调查

虚拟现实体验的有效性受到所涉及用户的存在感的强烈影响。本文通过对过去 30 年发表的 1,214 篇论文的分析，回顾了存在的不同定义以及衡量存在的主要方法。通过对 239 项用户研究的分析，我们发现 85.8% 使用主观测量，11.7% 使用主观和客观测量的组合，而 2.5% 仅使用客观测量。我们还从所审查的研究中确定了在虚拟环境中唤起存在感的 29 个主要因素，分为四类：参与度、个人特征、交互保真度和显示保真度。