We discuss the basic ideas of relativistic transport models used for the interpretation and description of experimental data from heavy-ion collisions at high collision energies. We highlight selected results from microscopic simulations of these reactions with a main focus on the UrQMD and PHSD approaches. We also address the results of macroscopic approaches like hydrodynamics or coarse-grained dynamics used in different model combinations in comparison to experimental data. We address the results of such simulations for the description of QCD matter close to equilibrium in terms of transport coefficients like shear $\eta$ and bulk viscosity $\zeta$ and discuss the connection of the radial flow to the equation of state and the transport properties. Then we turn to dileptons and photons as messengers from the hot and dense region before coming to the exploration of the decoupling stage. Generally, we find that microscopic simulations provide a good description of a large variety of observables over many orders of collision energies.

我们讨论了用于解释和描述高碰撞能量下重离子碰撞实验数据的相对论输运模型的基本思想。我们重点介绍了这些反应的微观模拟的选定结果，主要关注 UrQMD 和 PHSD 方法。与实验数据相比，我们还讨论了在不同模型组合中使用的宏观方法（如流体动力学或粗粒度动力学）的结果。我们解决了这种模拟的结果，以描述接近平衡的 QCD 物质在传输系数（如剪切）方面的描述$\eta$ 和体积粘度 $\zeta$并讨论径向流与状态方程和输运性质的联系。然后，在进入解耦阶段的探索之前，我们将双轻子和光子作为来自热致密区域的信使。通常，我们发现微观模拟可以很好地描述许多碰撞能量数量级上的各种可观察量。