Urban environments have been evolving to mitigate threats to the health and wellbeing of societies for thousands of years, including establishing open spaces to combat bubonic plague, improving waste management in the 20th century, and more recently retrofitting urban landscapes with green space to promote physical exercise. In the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic there is a need to rethink how societies interact with space in built environments to prevent contagion at the same time as facilitating health behaviours, such as exercise. Previously, we examined the spatial relationship between features of urban landscapes that are commonly considered to be ‘hazardous’ and ‘healthy’ and unusual clusters of COVID-19 cases in the East Midlands of the UK using ambulance data. Here, we consider the nature of social engagement that these features of urban landscapes facilitate and identify society-environment interactions that may increase risk of exposure to the virus. In some cases, spaces that are commonly thought to promote health behaviour may increase exposure. Contagion hot-spots occur at the nexus of exposure and underlying susceptibility. The viral-host dynamics of infectious disease are changing. Now, as in past eras, societies are required to evolve and adapt to the new challenges presented by emerging infectious diseases in the modern world.

数千年来，城市环境一直在不断发展，以减轻对社会健康和福祉的威胁，包括建立开放空间来对抗腺鼠疫，在 20 世纪改善废物管理，以及最近用绿色空间改造城市景观以促进体育锻炼. 在当前 COVID-19 大流行的背景下，有必要重新思考社会如何与建筑环境中的空间相互作用以防止传染，同时促进健康行为，例如锻炼。此前，我们使用救护车数据检查了英国东米德兰兹通常被认为“危险”和“健康”的城市景观特征与异常 COVID-19 病例群之间的空间关系。这里，我们考虑城市景观的这些特征促进社会参与的性质，并确定可能增加接触病毒风险的社会-环境相互作用。在某些情况下，通常被认为促进健康行为的空间可能会增加接触。传染热点出现在暴露和潜在易感性的联系处。传染病的病毒宿主动力学正在发生变化。现在，与过去时代一样，社会需要进化并适应现代世界新发传染病带来的新挑战。传染热点出现在暴露和潜在易感性的联系处。传染病的病毒宿主动力学正在发生变化。现在，与过去时代一样，社会需要进化并适应现代世界新发传染病带来的新挑战。传染热点出现在暴露和潜在易感性的联系处。传染病的病毒宿主动力学正在发生变化。现在，与过去时代一样，社会需要进化并适应现代世界新发传染病带来的新挑战。