Narcissism is of great interest to behavioral scientists and the lay public. Research across the past 20 years has led to substantial progress in the conceptualization, measurement, and study of narcissism. This article reviews the current state of the field, identifying recent advances and outlining future directions. Advances include hierarchical conceptualizations of narcissism across one-factor (narcissism), two-factor (grandiose vs. vulnerable narcissism), and three-factor (agentic extraversion, antagonism, narcissistic neuroticism) levels; the development of measures to assess the components of narcissism; clarification of the relations between narcissism and self-esteem; an understanding of the behavioral and motivational dynamics underlying narcissistic actions and social outcomes; and insight regarding potential fluctuations between narcissistic states. Future directions point in general to increased research using the lower levels of the narcissism hierarchy, especially the three-factor level. At this level, more research on the etiology, heritability, stability, and centrality of the three components is required.

自恋是行为科学家和普通大众的极大兴趣。过去 20 年的研究在自恋的概念化、测量和研究方面取得了重大进展。本文回顾了该领域的现状，确定了最近的进展并概述了未来的方向。进展包括跨单因素（自恋）、双因素（华丽与脆弱的自恋）和三因素（外向性、对抗性、自恋神经质）水平的自恋分层概念化；制定评估自恋成分的措施；阐明自恋与自尊之间的关系；了解自恋行为和社会结果背后的行为和动机动态；以及对自恋状态之间潜在波动的洞察力。未来的方向通常指向使用自恋层次结构的较低级别，特别是三因素级别的更多研究。在这个层面上，需要对这三个组成部分的病因、遗传性、稳定性和中心性进行更多的研究。