In situ and operando techniques play an important role in modern battery materials research and development. As materials characterization and application requirements advance, so too must the in situ/operando test methods and hardware. The effects of temperature, internal mechanical pressure and parasitic reactions due to, for example, cell sealing are critical for commercial scale-up but often overlooked in in situ/operando cell designs. An improved electrochemical operando cell for X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy using ConFlat-style flanges in combination with a beryllium window is presented. The cell is reusable and simple to fabricate and assemble, providing superior sealing, relevant and adjustable cell stack pressure, and reproducible charge/discharge cycling performance for short- and long-term experiments. Cell construction, electrochemical performance, and representative operando X-ray powder diffraction measurements with carbon and aluminium electrodes at temperatures between 303 and 393 K are provided. Operando electrochemical cell testing at high temperatures allows access to temperature-sensitive phase transitions and opens the way for analysis and development of new lithium-based cathode, anode and electrolyte materials for lithium-ion batteries.

中文翻译：

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ConFlat 电池用于在商业相关条件下对锂离子电池材料进行电化学 X 射线研究

原位和操作技术在现代电池材料的研究和开发中发挥着重要作用。随着材料表征和应用要求的进步，原位/操作测试方法和硬件也必须如此。例如，由于电池密封引起的温度、内部机械压力和寄生反应的影响对于商业放大至关重要，但在原位/操作电池设计中经常被忽视。改进的电化学操作介绍了使用 ConFlat 型法兰与铍窗相结合的 X 射线衍射和光谱分析池。该电池可重复使用且易于制造和组装，为短期和长期实验提供卓越的密封性、相关且可调节的电池堆压力以及可重复的充电/放电循环性能。提供了在 303 和 393 K 之间的温度下使用碳和铝电极进行的电池构造、电化学性能和代表性操作X 射线粉末衍射测量。操作数 高温下的电化学电池测试允许获得对温度敏感的相变，并为分析和开发用于锂离子电池的新型锂基阴极、阳极和电解质材料开辟了道路。