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Source identification of amphetamine-like stimulants in Spanish wastewater through enantiomeric profiling
Water Research ( IF 11.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-29 , DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117719
Andrea Estévez-Danta 1 , Rosa Montes 1 , Lubertus Bijlsma 2 , Rafael Cela 1 , Alberto Celma 2 , Iria González-Mariño 3 , Manuel Miró 4 , Vanessa Gutmann 1 , Unai Pérez de San Román-Landa 5 , Ailette Prieto 6 , Mireia Ventura 7 , Rosario Rodil 1 , José Benito Quintana 1
Affiliation  

Amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MAMP) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) occur in wastewater not only as a result of illicit consumption, but also, in some cases, from prescription drug use or by direct drug disposal into the sewage system. Enantiomeric profiling of these chiral drugs could give more insight into the origin of their occurrence. In this manuscript, a new analytical methodology for the enantiomeric analysis of amphetamine-like substances in wastewater has been developed. The method consists of a solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which showed low quantification limits in the 2.4–5.5 ng L−1 range. The LC-MS/MS method was first applied to characterize a total of 38 solid street drug samples anonymously provided by consumers. The results of these analysis showed that AMP and MDMA trafficked into Spain are synthesized as racemate, while MAMP is exclusively produced as the S(+)-enantiomer. Then, the analytical method was employed to analyse urban wastewater samples collected from the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of five different cities in 2018 and 2019. Consumption estimated through normalized population loads in wastewater showed an increased pattern of AMP use in the Basque Country. Furthermore, the enantiomeric profiling of wastewater samples was contrasted to lisdexamfetamine (LIS) and selegiline (SEL) prescription figures, two pharmaceuticals which metabolize to S(+)-AMP, and to R(-)-AMP and R(-)-MAMP, respectively. From this analysis, and considering uncertainties derived from metabolism and adherence to treatment, it was concluded that LIS is a relevant source of AMP in those cases with low wastewater loads, i.e. up to a maximum of 60% of AMP detected in wastewater in some samples could originate from LIS prescription, while SEL does not represent a significant source of AMP nor MAMP. Finally, removal efficiencies could be evaluated for the WWTP (serving ca. 860,000 inhabitants) with higher AMP influent concentrations. The removal of AMP was satisfactory with rates higher than 99%, whereas MDMA showed an average removal of approximately 60%, accompanied by an enrichment of R(-)-MDMA.



中文翻译:

通过对映体分析鉴定西班牙废水中苯丙胺类兴奋剂的来源

苯丙胺 (AMP)、甲基苯丙胺 (MAMP) 和 3,4-亚甲基二氧基甲基苯丙胺 (MDMA) 不仅因非法消费而出现在废水中,而且在某些情况下,还因使用处方药或将药物直接排放到污水系统中. 这些手性药物的对映体分析可以更深入地了解其发生的起源。在这份手稿中,开发了一种新的分析方法,用于对废水中的苯丙胺类物质进行对映体分析。该方法由固相萃取 (SPE) 和液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱 (LC-MS/MS) 组成,在 2.4–5.5 ng L -1范围。LC-MS/MS 方法首先应用于表征消费者匿名提供的总共 38 个固体街头毒品样品。这些分析的结果表明,贩运到西班牙的 AMP 和 MDMA 是作为外消旋物合成的,而 MAMP 仅作为 S(+)-对映异构体生产。然后,采用该分析方法分析了 2018 年和 2019 年从五个不同城市的污水处理厂 (WWTP) 收集的城市污水样本。通过归一化污水中的人口负荷估算的消耗量显示巴斯克地区 AMP 的使用模式有所增加。此外,废水样品的对映体分析与 lisdexamfetamine (LIS) 和司来吉兰 (SEL) 处方图形成对比,这两种药物代谢为 S(+)-AMP、R(-)-AMP 和 R(-)-MAMP , 分别。从该分析中,并考虑到来自代谢和处理依从性的不确定性,得出的结论是,在废水负荷较低的情况下,LIS 是 AMP 的相关来源,即在某些样品中,在废水中检测到最多 60% 的 AMP可能来自 LIS 处方,而 SEL 不代表 AMP 或 MAMP 的重要来源。最后,可以评估具有较高 AMP 进水浓度的污水处理厂(为约 860,000 名居民提供服务)的去除效率。AMP 的去除率高于 99%,令人满意,而 MDMA 的平均去除率约为 60%,并伴有 R(-)-MDMA 的富集。得出的结论是,在废水负荷较低的情况下,LIS 是 AMP 的相关来源,即在某些样品中检测到的废水中最多 60% 的 AMP 可能来自 LIS 处方,而 SEL 并不代表重要的 AMP 来源AMP 或 MAMP。最后,可以评估具有较高 AMP 进水浓度的污水处理厂(为大约 860,000 名居民提供服务)的去除效率。AMP 的去除率高于 99%,令人满意,而 MDMA 的平均去除率约为 60%,并伴有 R(-)-MDMA 的富集。得出的结论是,在废水负荷较低的情况下,LIS 是 AMP 的相关来源,即在某些样品中检测到的废水中最多 60% 的 AMP 可能来自 LIS 处方,而 SEL 并不代表重要的 AMP 来源AMP 或 MAMP。最后,可以评估具有较高 AMP 进水浓度的污水处理厂(为大约 860,000 名居民提供服务)的去除效率。AMP 的去除率高于 99%,令人满意,而 MDMA 的平均去除率约为 60%,并伴有 R(-)-MDMA 的富集。000 居民)具有更高的 AMP 进水浓度。AMP 的去除率高于 99%,令人满意,而 MDMA 的平均去除率约为 60%,并伴有 R(-)-MDMA 的富集。000 居民)具有更高的 AMP 进水浓度。AMP 的去除率高于 99%,令人满意,而 MDMA 的平均去除率约为 60%,并伴有 R(-)-MDMA 的富集。

更新日期:2021-10-06
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