Abstract

Water is one of essential resources of modern society. Employing cost-effective technologies to treat water and wastewater is of vital importance for household uses, industries and the environment. Water-stable metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising innovative materials for water treatment, due to their versatility and properties such as large internal surface area, designable pore sizes, and chemical functionalities. In highly porous MOFs, metal center(s)/cluster(s) and organic ligands are linked with coordination bonds. This review paper presents the most recent developments in the industrial-scale synthesis of MOFs and applications in water purification. MOFs can be fabricated by several approaches; the microwave assisted continuous flow synthesis technologies can lead to higher production yields. The fabricated MOFs are then purified by the organic solvent and/or the solid separation, and activated by a few technologies (e.g., supercritical $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_2$). Process safety in production, reactors design, and process optimization are important in production. The shaping techniques for MOFs on supporting materials via surface grafting/coating or embedment can be used to fabricate the MOFs-based materials with the better stability suitable for industrial applications. MOFs demonstrate much better performances than the commercially available materials in adsorption, filtration, sensing, and catalysis. Toxicity from MOFs is mainly due to the chemicals involved in the production and nano-size effects on human cells. Mitigation strategies like environmental-friendly processes for fabrication of MOFs and shaping using polymer are suggested. Various advantages from MOFs make them suitable for water treatment in the near future.

摘要

水是现代社会必不可少的资源之一。采用具有成本效益的技术来处理水和废水对于家庭使用、工业和环境至关重要。水稳定的金属有机框架（MOFs）由于其多功能性和诸如大内表面积、可设计的孔径和化学功能等特性，已成为用于水处理的有前途的创新材料。在高度多孔的 MOF 中，金属中心/簇和有机配体通过配位键连接。本综述介绍了 MOF 的工业规模合成及其在水净化中的应用的最新进展。MOF 可以通过多种方法制造。微波辅助连续流动合成技术可以提高产量。$\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{○}}_2$）。生产中的工艺安全、反应器设计和工艺优化在生产中很重要。MOFs通过表面接枝/涂层或嵌入在支撑材料上的成型技术可用于制造具有更好稳定性的MOFs基材料，适用于工业应用。MOF 在吸附、过滤、传感和催化方面表现出比市售材料更好的性能。MOFs 的毒性主要是由于生产过程中涉及的化学物质和对人体细胞的纳米尺寸影响。提出了缓解策略，例如用于制造 MOF 的环保工艺和使用聚合物成型。MOF 的各种优点使其在不久的将来适用于水处理。