The western Himalaya of Pakistan forms a classic fold and thrust belt with a foreland defined by the Salt Range thrust, Main Boundary thrust, and Panjal-Khairabad thrust, and a hinterland that stretches northward from the Panjal-Khairabad thrust across the Peshawar Basin, through the mountains of Swat and Hazara, to the Main Mantle thrust (MMT), which is the westward extension of the Indus suture zone. The MMT separates the Indian plate from the Kohistan island arc complex, which forms the southern margin of the amalgamated Asian tectonic plate. Rocks in the hinterland underwent deformation and regional metamorphism in early Cenozoic as a result of the collision between India and Kohistan along the MMT. The purpose of this contribution is to review the stratigraphy, structure, and thermal evolution of the western Himalayan hinterland region in order to clarify our present knowledge and to address inconsistencies regarding geologic history. The goal is to create a comprehensive understanding and working model of the hinterland region. We do this by synthesizing and evaluating all published isotopic age data from the region, and by placing each age into the stratigraphic and structural framework of a geologic map created during more than 1.5 years of traverse and reconnaissance field mapping over a 12-year period. We add 17 new isotopic ages that have bearing on the stratigraphic, intrusive, and metamorphic history. Stratigraphy is described as pre-. syn-, and post-rift, dependent on its age relative to a strong Carboniferous-Triassic rifting event that featured plutonism, normal faulting, deposition, the erosional removal of Paleozoic rocks from northern areas of the hinterland, and potentially multiple periods of Panjal Trap volcanism extending to the Late Triassic. We show that stratigraphy can be traced continuously across the hinterland region without disruption across Cenozoic faults except in the MMT zone where there are four separate areas of Indus mélange and three adjacent thrust slices of Indian plate rock, one of which is newly recognized. We provide evidence that all of the mélange and Indian plate thrust slices were emplaced at about the same time prior to peak Cenozoic metamorphism in underlying hinterland rocks, and prior to 50 Ma. We find no evidence for thrusting since that time. Geologic and isotopic evidence suggests that the Kohistan arc and underlying thrust slices were emplaced in a southwestward direction and that the arc was in place against hinterland rocks prior to ca. 48.1 Ma. Hinterland rocks had reached peak metamorphism and were cooling by ca. 50 Ma except in the Loe Sar and Kotah domes where cooling was delayed until ca. 39 Ma. The Kohistan arc underwent eastward translation post-45.8 Ma during folding and erosional exhumation of hinterland rocks. The Indus syntaxis is a long-lived anticlinal structure that it is currently active. Pre-Cenozoic history includes plutonism in the Paleoproterozoic, Neoproterozoic, Early and Middle Ordovician, and Permian, and possible tectonism in Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene. There are indications of pre-Cenozoic regional metamorphism within metasedimentary rock, but they are masked by Cenozoic metamorphism such that their extent, if any, is unknown.

巴基斯坦西部喜马拉雅山形成一个典型的褶皱逆冲带，其前陆由盐岭逆冲断层、主边界逆冲断层和潘加勒-海拉巴德逆冲断层定义，腹地从潘贾尔-海拉巴德逆冲断层向北延伸穿过白沙瓦盆地，通过斯瓦特和哈扎拉山脉，到主地幔逆冲断层（MMT），这是印度河缝合带向西的延伸。MMT 将印度板块与科希斯坦岛弧复合体分开，后者形成了亚洲构造板块的南缘。由于印度和科希斯坦沿 MMT 的碰撞，腹地的岩石在新生代早期经历了变形和区域变质作用。这篇文章的目的是回顾地层、构造、和喜马拉雅西部腹地地区的热演化，以澄清我们目前的知识并解决有关地质历史的不一致问题。目标是建立对腹地区域的全面理解和工作模式。为此，我们综合和评估了该地区所有已发表的同位素年龄数据，并将每个年龄放入地质图的地层和结构框架中，该框架是在超过 1.5 年的穿越和勘察野外测绘过程中创建的 12 年期间。我们添加了 17 个与地层、侵入和变质历史有关的新同位素年龄。地层学被描述为前。目标是建立对腹地区域的全面理解和工作模式。为此，我们综合和评估了该地区所有已发表的同位素年龄数据，并将每个年龄放入地质图的地层和结构框架中，该框架是在超过 1.5 年的穿越和勘察野外测绘过程中创建的 12 年期间。我们添加了 17 个与地层、侵入和变质历史有关的新同位素年龄。地层学被描述为前。目标是建立对腹地区域的全面理解和工作模式。为此，我们综合和评估了该地区所有已发表的同位素年龄数据，并将每个年龄放入地质图的地层和结构框架中，该框架是在超过 1.5 年的穿越和勘察野外测绘过程中创建的 12 年期间。我们添加了 17 个与地层、侵入和变质历史有关的新同位素年龄。地层学被描述为前。我们添加了 17 个与地层、侵入和变质历史有关的新同位素年龄。地层学被描述为前。我们添加了 17 个与地层、侵入和变质历史有关的新同位素年龄。地层学被描述为前。同步- 和裂谷后，取决于其相对于强石炭纪-三叠纪裂谷事件的年龄，该事件具有深成作用、正断层作用、沉积、古生代岩石从腹地北部地区的侵蚀去除，以及可能存在多个时期的 Panjal 圈闭火山作用延伸至晚三叠世。我们表明，除了在 MMT 带有四个独立的印度河混杂岩区域和三个相邻的印度板块逆冲断层，其中一个是新发现的，可以在整个内陆地区连续追踪地层，而不会中断整个新生代断层。我们提供的证据表明，所有的混杂岩和印度板块逆冲断层大约在下伏腹地岩石新生代变质作用峰值之前和 50 Ma 之前就位。从那时起，我们没有发现任何推力的证据。地质和同位素证据表明，科希斯坦弧和下伏的逆冲断层位于西南方向，并且该弧在大约 10 年前就位于内陆岩石上。48.1 马。腹地岩石已经达到了变质作用的峰值，并且在大约 10 小时内冷却。50 Ma 除了在 Loe Sar 和 Kotah 圆顶中冷却被延迟到大约。39 马。在腹地岩石的褶皱和侵蚀剥脱过程中，科希斯坦弧在 45.8 Ma 之后经历了向东平移。印度河构造是一个长期存在的背斜构造，目前处于活动状态。前新生代历史包括古元古代、新元古代、早中奥陶世和二叠纪的深成作用，以及晚白垩世-早古新世可能的构造作用。变沉积岩内有前新生代区域变质作用的迹象，