Trauma does not have a single definition. Within Western paradigms, across humanities and social sciences, it has largely been characterized through temporal and spatial dislocation. Critical studies of trauma, however, suggest that such framings of rupture, catastrophe, and mass displacement can obscure longer term and structural forms of violence, such as colonialism and gender-based violence. This article explores the displacement, emplacement, and transitivity of trauma through the process of refugee resettlement. It is part of a broader qualitative study that traces how trauma concepts and practices are mobilized in the process of refugee resettlement, specifically for Iraqis who are resettled in the United States. This article argues that trauma is neither a one-time event that is endlessly relived and reactivated in identical episodes nor does trauma emplace a singular geography. Rather, trauma can be understood as a set of serial emplacements and displacements across multiple sites, in our case transnationally. Apart from the distress and geopolitics of war, securitized migration policies produce trauma for people who have been displaced. This trauma of family separation, however, should not be regarded merely as an extension of war-making but as an additional manifestation produced by the global refugee regime.

创伤没有单一的定义。在西方范式中，跨越人文和社会科学，它的特点主要是时间和空间的错位。然而，对创伤的批判性研究表明，这种破裂、灾难和大规模流离失所的框架可能会掩盖长期的和结构性的暴力形式，例如殖民主义和基于性别的暴力。本文通过难民安置过程探讨创伤的迁移、安置和传递性。这是一项更广泛的定性研究的一部分，该研究追踪了创伤概念和实践如何在难民重新安置过程中被调动起来，特别是针对在美国重新安置的伊拉克人。本文认为，创伤既不是一次性事件，在相同的情节中被无休止地重温和重新激活，也不是创伤占据了一个单一的地理环境。相反，创伤可以理解为跨多个地点的一系列连续进驻和迁移，在我们的案例中是跨国的。除了战争的痛苦和地缘政治之外，安全化的移民政策还给流离失所的人们带来了创伤。然而，这种家庭分离的创伤不应仅仅被视为战争的延伸，而应被视为全球难民制度产生的额外表现。安全化的移民政策给流离失所者带来了创伤。然而，这种家庭分离的创伤不应仅仅被视为战争的延伸，而应被视为全球难民制度产生的额外表现。安全化的移民政策给流离失所者带来了创伤。然而，这种家庭分离的创伤不应仅仅被视为战争的延伸，而应被视为全球难民制度产生的额外表现。