Latin America is a vibrant and ethnically diverse land, with a unique culture characterized by ingenuity and creativity. Although lagging behind in scientific infrastructure and developments, and with a huge disparity in production, our region proudly displays Nobel Prize laureates in chemistry (L. F. Leloir and M. Molina) and medicine (B. Houssay, C. Milstein, and B. Benacerraf Bolaños). Latin American chemists are living proof of the old proverb: “necessity is the mother of invention”, being used to survive in hostile economic and bureaucratic labyrinths. Formed under stringent conditions, they bloom all over the world and are able to produce remarkable science. The Latin community is expanding and networking in global events such as the successful #LatinXChem virtual conference, which hosted more than 1,000 posters in a Twitter platform in 2020 and will be repeated in 2021. This is a positive action toward improving the chemistry landscape and favoring inclusion of the region.(1) In this Virtual Collection, we highlight recent papers from Latin American research groups devoted to microporous and mesoporous multifunctional materials. This field is of recent development within materials chemistry and exemplifies the growth of a dynamic community. We made a coarse division in two different areas: metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and templated microporous, mesoporous, or macroporous materials or composites. MOFs constitute a unique class of supramolecular compounds built of metal ions connected by organic ligands. The broad variety of unique crystalline architectures obtained is a promising platform for a variety of applications. Efforts are driven toward biocompatible MOFs that permit direct applications in drug delivery(2) or the adsorption of hazardous compounds.(3) Interestingly, particular microporous systems present a semilabile coordination, which can be advantageously used in corrosive gas sorption;(4) in some cases, the chemisorbed reactive gas species can even polymerize.(5) This last feature has deep implications in confined catalysis, with prospective application in batteries.(6) An adequate choice is luminescent lanthanide ions presenting well-defined optical transitions(7) with antenna-like linkers that permit color tuning and improve photoluminescence. Highly stable MOFs with robust emission signals can be used for solid-state lighting, thermal-sensing,(8) or markers of gunshot residues in forensics,(9) with low toxicity.(10) Interestingly, new models that predict the optical properties of ligands in the presence of ions have been developed, opening the way to pretailored optically active MOFs.(11) MOF thin films that combine size-dependent properties with functionalized substrates lead to nanotechnological devices. For example, zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF-8) thin films are effective size-dependent molecular carriers(12) or enable biosensing of protein–protein interactions.(13) Several works combining microscopy and spectroscopy have demonstrated that subtle interactions between the MOF building blocks and the substrates are crucial in the formation of 2D supramolecular networks(14,15) and 2D open structures(16) anchored onto solid substrates. Research in templated pore systems is nowadays aiming at achieving predictable synthesis of nanopore structures and elucidating their complex transport, sorption, and catalytic features. A theoretical–experimental approach permitted the designed and predictable synthesis of mesoporous layered M(II) hydroxide thin films with energy applications.(17) The importance of understanding molecules under confinement is illustrated by recent findings where transport, sorption, and size-selective catalytic properties of aluminosilicates such as ZSM-5 and its low-crystallinity precursors are critically dependent on pore size and connectivity which, in turn, can be kinetically controlled through synthesis.(18) Unusual nanofluidic effects have been found due to dynamic processes taking place in salt solutions confined within mesoporous thin films.(19,20) Open macroporous structures facilitate interactions between electroactive species and catalytic sites, permitting novel electrodes for Zn–air batteries.(21) Surface functionalization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles is critical for biomedical treatments, either for colloidal stability and dispersibility,(22) or for improved immobilization of functional enzymes.(23) Finally, several works were dedicated to emerging composites that combine porous materials and polymeric matrices. Abatement of contaminants in aqueous media has been reported using porous cellulose-natural rubber latex,(24) macroporous polyacrylamide/γ-Fe₂O₃ adsorbents,(25) or cellulose/MoS₂ aerogels as bifunctional adsorbent/photocatalyst membranes.(26) MOF@carbon hybrid composites were also reported in the adsorption of emerging contaminants in aqueous media.(27) Among energy applications, graphene/metallic NP aerogel composites demonstrated potential in hydrogen storage.(28) A breath-figure method of patterning led to electroactive thin films with gating properties, due to the combination of porous graphene with thermoresponsive polymers.(29) In conclusion, this Virtual Collection is a showcase of the dynamic activities in nanoporous materials in Latin America. The main emerging directions point at exploiting the multifunctionality of the structural building blocks, as well as understanding in-depth the role of pores, necks, and surfaces for molecular storage, transport, or reactivity under confinement. Applications are mainly focused in environment, health, and energy fields, which are relevant in the social context. It is worth noting that many of these works make use of international collaborations, which relieves the economic and infrastructure barriers to materials chemistry that still exist in the region. The future commissioning of facilities such as the Sirius synchrotron in Brazil and the LAHN neutron source in Argentina will undoubtedly foster opportunities to achieve sophisticated characterization techniques, including operando experiments. These selected articles show exciting perspectives for the upcoming future of porous materials in the region. A consolidation of the materials chemistry community is evident, leading to the formation of highly trained scientists and providing an outlook to future industrialization of the upcoming technologies. These two aspects are essential. Sound science and technology are key to creating long-term economic opportunities for the young generation, which is the most crucial societal challenge nowadays in the region. The authors acknowledge funding from Agencia I+D+I (PICT 2017-4651 and 2018-04236). This article references 29 other publications.

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拉丁美洲多功能纳米多孔材料虚拟问题

拉丁美洲是一片充满活力和种族多元化的土地，拥有以独创性和创造力为特征的独特文化。尽管在科学基础设施和发展方面落后，并且在生产方面存在巨大差异，但我们地区自豪地展示了诺贝尔化学奖获得者（LF Leloir 和 M. Molina）和医学奖（B. Houssay、C. Milstein 和 B. Benacerraf Bolaños） ）。拉丁美洲的化学家是古老谚语的活生生的证明：“需要是发明之母”，被用来在充满敌意的经济和官僚迷宫中生存。它们在严格的条件下形成，在世界各地盛开，能够产生非凡的科学。拉丁社区正在全球活动中扩展和建立联系，例如成功的#LatinXChem 虚拟会议，该会议主办了超过 1、2020 年在 Twitter 平台上发布 000 张海报，并将在 2021 年重复发布。这是改善化学景观和促进该地区融入的积极行动。(1) 在这个虚拟收藏中，我们重点介绍了拉丁美洲研究小组最近发表的论文到微孔和介孔多功能材料。该领域是材料化学领域的最新发展，体现了动态社区的发展。我们在两个不同的领域进行了粗略划分：金属有机框架 (MOF) 和模板化微孔、中孔或大孔材料或复合材料。MOF 构成了一类独特的超分子化合物，由有机配体连接的金属离子构成。获得的各种独特的晶体结构是各种应用的有前途的平台。努力转向允许直接应用于药物递送 (2) 或有害化合物吸附的生物相容性 MOF。(3) 有趣的是，特定的微孔系统呈现出半不稳定的配位，可有利地用于腐蚀性气体吸附；(4) 在在某些情况下，化学吸附的反应性气体物种甚至可以聚合。(5) 最后一个特征对受限催化具有深远的影响，具有在电池中的预期应用。(6) 一个合适的选择是发光的镧系元素离子呈现明确的光学跃迁 (7)带有类似天线的连接器，可以调节颜色并改善光致发光。具有强大发射信号的高度稳定的 MOF 可用于固态照明、热传感 (8) 或法医中的枪弹残留标记 (9) 具有低毒性。 (10) 有趣的是，已经开发出在离子存在下预测配体光学特性的新模型，为预制光学活性 MOF 开辟了道路。(11) 将尺寸相关特性与功能化基底相结合的 MOF 薄膜导致了纳米技术设备。例如，沸石咪唑骨架 (ZIF-8) 薄膜是有效的尺寸依赖性分子载体 (12) 或能够实现蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用的生物传感。 (13) 几项结合显微镜和光谱学的研究表明，MOF 结构之间的微妙相互作用块和底物对于形成固定在固体底物上的 2D 超分子网络 (14,15) 和 2D 开放结构 (16) 至关重要。如今，模板孔系统的研究旨在实现纳米孔结构的可预测合成，并阐明其复杂的传输、吸附和催化特性。一种理论-实验方法允许设计和可预测地合成具有能量应用的介孔层状 M(II) 氢氧化物薄膜。 (17) 最近的发现说明了理解限制下分子的重要性，其中传输、吸附和尺寸选择性催化铝硅酸盐如 ZSM-5 及其低结晶度前体的性质严重依赖于孔径和连通性，而孔径和连通性反过来可以通过合成进行动力学控制。 (18) 由于在限制在介孔薄膜内的盐溶液。 (19, 20) 开放的大孔结构促进电活性物质和催化位点之间的相互作用，为锌-空气电池提供新的电极。 (21) 介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子的表面功能化对于生物医学治疗至关重要，无论是胶体稳定性和分散性，(22) 或(23) 最后，有几项工作致力于将多孔材料和聚合物基质相结合的新兴复合材料。据报道，使用多孔纤维素-天然橡胶胶乳(24) 大孔聚丙烯酰胺/γ-Fe 可以减少水性介质中的污染物 (21) 介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子的表面功能化对于生物医学处理至关重要，无论是胶体稳定性和分散性，(22) 还是改善功能酶的固定化。 (23) 最后，有几项工作致力于结合多孔材料和复合材料的新兴复合材料。聚合物基质。据报道，使用多孔纤维素-天然橡胶胶乳(24) 大孔聚丙烯酰胺/γ-Fe 可以减少水性介质中的污染物 (21) 介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子的表面功能化对于生物医学处理至关重要，无论是胶体稳定性和分散性，(22) 还是功能酶的改进固定化。 (23) 最后，有几项工作致力于新兴复合材料，这些复合材料结合了多孔材料和聚合物基质。据报道，使用多孔纤维素-天然橡胶胶乳(24) 大孔聚丙烯酰胺/γ-Fe 可以减少水性介质中的污染物₂ O ₃吸附剂，(25) 或纤维素/MoS ₂气凝胶作为双功能吸附剂/光催化剂膜。(26) MOF@carbon 杂化复合材料也被报道用于吸附水介质中新出现的污染物。(27) 在能源应用中，石墨烯/金属 NP 气凝胶复合材料显示出在储氢方面的潜力。 (28) ) 由于多孔石墨烯与热敏聚合物的结合，一种呼吸图形方法导致具有门控特性的电活性薄膜。(29) 总之，这个虚拟收藏展示了拉丁美洲纳米多孔材料的动态活动. 主要的新兴方向指向利用结构构建块的多功能性，以及深入了解孔隙、颈部和表面在分子存储、运输或限制下的反应性中的作用。应用主要集中在与社会背景相关的环境、健康和能源领域。值得注意的是，其中许多工作都利用了国际合作，这减轻了该地区仍然存在的材料化学的经济和基础设施障碍。巴西的 Sirius 同步加速器和阿根廷的 LAHN 中子源等设施的未来调试无疑将为实现复杂的表征技术（包括操作数实验）创造机会。这些精选文章展示了该地区多孔材料即将到来的令人兴奋的前景。材料化学界的整合是显而易见的，导致训练有素的科学家的形成，并为即将到来的技术的未来工业化提供了前景。这两个方面是必不可少的。良好的科学技术是为年轻一代创造长期经济机会的关键，这是该地区当今最重要的社会挑战。作者感谢 Agencia I+D+I（PICT 2017-4651 和 2018-04236）的资助。本文引用了 29 篇其他出版物。