Urban Forests (UFs) are key elements in Mediterranean compact cities, as they provide numerous ecosystem benefits and increase the resilience of cities against the anticipated impacts of climate change. It is, thus, necessary to review all the aspects that may have a negative effect on their ecosystem functions and the services that they provide. In this paper, a set of indicators is proposed that allow for a preliminary evaluation of some of the main disservices and factors that Mediterranean UFs present and the ways to maximize their benefits for users. For this purpose, 20 indicators, divided into three categories—Biodiversity, Accessibility/Facilities, and Infrastructure—were selected. Within these three categories, a range of values was established, from low to high or absence/presence. The indicators were tested in 24 urban forests of different types, all of which are representative of a medium-sized compact Mediterranean city. The results highlight that the UFs have adequate species richness and diversity, but among the species present are quite a few that emit BVOCs and allergens, as well as some that have invasive behavior. Poor cleaning, absence of night lightning, and scarcity of water points are aspects to improve in a good number of UFs; while a high surface area of impermeable soil, low tree cover, and extensive areas of grass that require large amounts of water for maintenance are the main issues of the infrastructure block that need medium-term planning to be addressed. It can be concluded that the proposed set of indicators allows for a general assessment of the readiness of UFTs in Mediterranean cities for the upcoming climatic, social, and ecological challenges.

中文翻译：

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评估城市森林应对未来挑战准备情况的基于指标的方法：地中海紧凑型城市案例研究

城市森林 (UF) 是地中海紧凑型城市的关键要素，因为它们提供了众多生态系统效益，并提高了城市抵御气候变化预期影响的能力。因此，有必要审查可能对其生态系统功能及其提供的服务产生负面影响的所有方面。在本文中，提出了一组指标，可以初步评估地中海超滤存在的一些主要损害和因素，以及最大限度地为用户带来利益的方法。为此，选择了 20 个指标，分为三类——生物多样性、可及性/设施和基础设施。在这三个类别中，建立了一系列值，从低到高或不存在/存在。这些指标在24个不同类型的城市森林中进行了测试，所有这些都代表了一个中等规模的紧凑型地中海城市。结果突出表明，UFs 具有足够的物种丰富度和多样性，但在现有物种中，有相当多的物种会排放 BVOC 和过敏原，还有一些具有入侵行为。清洁不善、没有夜间闪电和缺水点是许多 UF 需要改进的方面；而不透水土壤的高表面积、低树覆盖和需要大量水进行维护的大片草地是基础设施区块的主要问题，需要进行中期规划来解决。