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Beyond Tehran and Nairobi: Can Attacks against Embassies Serve as a Basis for the Invocation of Self-defence?
European Journal of International Law ( IF 1.734 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-13 , DOI: 10.1093/ejil/chab060
Gábor Kajtár 1 , Gergő Barna Balázs 1
Affiliation  

Forty years have elapsed since the Iran hostage crisis, yet the question whether a state can lawfully resort to force in reaction to an attack against its diplomatic or consular mission remains unanswered. This issue is subject to contradictory scholarly interpretations, whereas self-defence as a justification regularly reappears in state practice. A recent example is provided by the US position regarding the killing of Qasem Soleimani in January 2020. This article revisits this controversial issue from an empirical perspective, focusing on extensive analysis of state practice based on 730 incidents. Both the empirical and the theoretical inquiry led the authors to call into question the possibility that states may lawfully rely on self-defence in such circumstances. Only one state has ever invoked self-defence regarding attacks against its embassies, and it only did so on five occasions, which were all contested by the international community. In all other 725 instances, the sending state and the international community reacted in ways other than the use of force. This research also analyses these various responses triggered by attacks against embassies. Moreover, it is virtually impossible to prove the fulfilment of the necessity and proportionality criteria of the action taken in self-defence in light of state practice over the last 70 years. Finally, this article also calls for a close re-reading of the Tehran Hostages judgment to challenge the judgment’s widely accepted interpretation as recognizing self-defence in such situations.

中文翻译:

超越德黑兰和内罗毕:袭击大使馆可以作为援引自卫的基础吗?

自伊朗人质危机以来已经过去了 40 年,但一个国家是否可以合法诉诸武力来应对对其外交或领事使团的袭击的问题仍未得到解答。这个问题受到相互矛盾的学术解释的影响,而作为正当理由的自卫经常重新出现在国家实践中。最近的一个例子是美国关于 2020 年 1 月卡西姆·苏莱曼尼遇害事件的立场。本文从经验的角度重新审视了这个有争议的问题,重点是基于 730 起事件对国家实践的广泛分析。实证研究和理论研究都导致作者质疑国家在这种情况下合法依赖自卫的可能性。只有一个国家曾因袭击其大使馆而援引自卫,而且只有五次这样做,这些都受到国际社会的质疑。在所有其他 725 次事件中,派遣国和国际社会以使用武力以外的方式作出反应。本研究还分析了针对大使馆的攻击引发的这些不同反应。此外,根据过去 70 年的国家实践,几乎不可能证明符合自卫行动的必要性和相称性标准。最后,本文还呼吁仔细重新阅读德黑兰人质案的判决,以挑战该判决被广泛接受的解释,即在这种情况下承认自卫。这些都受到了国际社会的质疑。在所有其他 725 次事件中,派遣国和国际社会以使用武力以外的方式作出反应。本研究还分析了针对大使馆的攻击引发的这些不同反应。此外,根据过去 70 年的国家实践,几乎不可能证明符合自卫行动的必要性和相称性标准。最后,本文还呼吁仔细重新阅读德黑兰人质案的判决,以挑战该判决被广泛接受的解释,即在这种情况下承认自卫。这些都受到了国际社会的质疑。在所有其他 725 次事件中,派遣国和国际社会以使用武力以外的方式作出反应。本研究还分析了针对大使馆的攻击引发的这些不同反应。此外,根据过去 70 年的国家实践,几乎不可能证明符合自卫行动的必要性和相称性标准。最后,本文还呼吁仔细重新阅读德黑兰人质案的判决,以挑战该判决被广泛接受的解释,即在这种情况下承认自卫。本研究还分析了针对大使馆的攻击引发的这些不同反应。此外,根据过去 70 年的国家实践,几乎不可能证明符合自卫行动的必要性和相称性标准。最后,本文还呼吁仔细重新阅读德黑兰人质案的判决,以挑战该判决被广泛接受的解释,即在这种情况下承认自卫。本研究还分析了针对大使馆的攻击引发的这些不同反应。此外,根据过去 70 年的国家实践,几乎不可能证明符合自卫行动的必要性和相称性标准。最后,本文还呼吁仔细重新阅读德黑兰人质案的判决,以挑战该判决被广泛接受的解释,即在这种情况下承认自卫。
更新日期:2021-08-13
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