Vacuoles are membrane vesicles in eukaryotic cells, the digestive system of cells that break down substances absorbed outside the cell and digest the useless components of the cell itself. Researches on anticancer and intractable diseases using vacuoles are being actively conducted. The practical application of the present study to animals requires the determination of the biocompatibility of vacuole. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of vacuoles isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in RAW 264.7 cells. This showed a significant increase in the production of nitric oxide (NO) produced by macrophage activity. Using Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) assay, we identified that ROS is increased in a manner dependent on vacuole concentration. Western blot analysis showed that vacuole concentration-dependently increased protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Therefore, iNOS expression was stimulated to induce NO production. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines levels promoted, such as interleukin (IL) 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α (TNF-α). In summary, vacuoles activate the immune response of macrophages by promoting the production of immune-mediated transporters NO, ROS, and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

中文翻译：

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RAW 264.7 巨噬细胞中从酿酒酵母中分离出的液泡增强的免疫反应。

液泡是真核细胞中的膜泡，是细胞的消化系统，可分解细胞外吸收的物质并消化细胞本身的无用成分。正在积极开展利用液泡的抗癌和疑难病的研究。本研究对动物的实际应用需要确定液泡的生物相容性。在本研究中，我们评估了从酿酒酵母中分离出的液泡对 RAW 264.7 细胞的影响。这表明由巨噬细胞活性产生的一氧化氮 (NO) 的产生显着增加。使用活性氧 (ROS) 测定，我们发现 ROS 以依赖于液泡浓度的方式增加。蛋白质印迹分析显示液泡浓度依赖性地增加诱导型一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS)、环氧合酶 2 (COX-2) 的蛋白质水平。因此，刺激 iNOS 表达以诱导 NO 产生。此外，促炎细胞因子水平升高，如白细胞介素（IL）6（IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）α（TNF-α）。总之，液泡通过促进免疫介导的转运蛋白 NO、ROS 和促炎细胞因子的产生来激活巨噬细胞的免疫反应。