New approaches to stratify multiple myeloma patients based on prognosis and therapeutic decision-making, or prediction, are needed since patients are currently managed in a similar manner regardless of individual risk factors or disease characteristics. However, despite new and improved biomarkers for determining the prognosis of patients, there is currently insufficient information to utilise biomarkers to intensify, reduce or altogether change treatment, nor to target patient-specific biology in a so-called predictive manner. The ever-increasing number and complexity of drug classes to treat multiple myeloma have improved response rates and so clinically useful biomarkers will need to be relevant in the era of such novel therapies. Therefore, the field of multiple myeloma biomarker development is rapidly progressing, spurred on by new technologies and therapeutic approaches, and underpinned by a deeper understanding of tumour biology with individualised patient management the goal. In this review, we describe the main biomarker categories in multiple myeloma and relate these to diagnostic, prognostic and predictive applications.

中文翻译：

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多发性骨髓瘤的预后和预测性生物标志物发展

需要根据预后和治疗决策或预测对多发性骨髓瘤患者进行分层的新方法，因为目前无论个体风险因素或疾病特征如何，患者都以类似的方式进行管理。然而，尽管有新的和改进的生物标志物用于确定患者的预后，但目前没有足够的信息来利用生物标志物来加强、减少或完全改变治疗，也没有以所谓的预测方式针对患者特异性生物学。治疗多发性骨髓瘤的药物种类的数量和复杂性不断增加，反应率提高，因此临床上有用的生物标志物将需要在这种新型疗法的时代具有相关性。因此，多发性骨髓瘤生物标志物的发展领域正在迅速发展，受到新技术和治疗方法的推动，并以对肿瘤生物学的更深入理解为基础，以个性化患者管理为目标。在这篇综述中，我们描述了多发性骨髓瘤的主要生物标志物类别，并将它们与诊断、预后和预测应用相关联。