Abstract

From childhood to adulthood, an individual’s ability to estimate and anticipate the timing of events changes continuously. This study investigated the ability of 287 children aged 5–14 years to estimate the duration of prior events and anticipate the timing of future events for determination of the age at which children improve their timing skills. The Luria neuropsychological assessment battery and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) were applied to find correlations between timing skills and the development of cognitive functions. The findings demonstrated that retrospective estimation of duration has a zone of proximal development in children between the ages of six to eight; in these children, the accuracy of time assessment significantly improved after receiving the prompt. However, improvement in time estimation was significantly lower in those children who achieved lower results in the attention and memory tests and demonstrated reduced spatial and verbal reasoning skills. The zone of proximal development for the ability to anticipate the timing of future events was demonstrated in children between the ages of nine to eleven years. The improvement of time anticipation was negatively correlated with the number of mistakes made during the dynamic praxis test.

摘要

从童年到成年，个人估计和预测事件发生时间的能力不断变化。本研究调查了 287 名 5-14 岁儿童估计先前事件的持续时间和预测未来事件发生时间的能力，以确定儿童提高计时技能的年龄。Luria 神经心理学评估电池和韦克斯勒儿童智力量表 (WISC-IV) 用于发现计时技能与认知功能发展之间的相关性。研究结果表明，对持续时间的回顾性估计在 6 至 8 岁的儿童中有一个最近发展区。在这些孩子中，收到提示后，时间评估的准确性显着提高。然而，在注意力和记忆力测试中取得较低成绩并表现出空间和语言推理能力下降的儿童，时间估计的改善明显较低。在 9 至 11 岁的儿童中，展示了预测未来事件发生时间的能力的最近发展区。时间预期的提高与动态实践测试中的错误数量呈负相关。