Abstract: This review by pediatric gastroenterology and allergy-immunology experts aimed to address the biological roles of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and the potential utility of HMOs in prevention of allergy with particular emphasis on cow^’s milk protein allergy (CMPA). The participating experts consider HMOs amongst the most critical bioactive components of human milk, which act as antimicrobials and antivirals by preventing pathogen adhesion to epithelial cells, as intestinal epithelial cell modulators by enhancing maturation of intestinal mucosa and intestinal epithelial barrier function, as prebiotics by promoting healthy microbiota composition and as immunomodulators by modulating immune cells indirectly and directly. Accordingly, the participating experts consider the proposed link between HMOs and prevention of allergy to be primarily based on the impact of HMO on gut microbiota, intestinal mucosal barrier, immunomodulation and immune maturation. Along with the lower risk of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, HMO-supplemented formulas seem to be promising alternatives in the management of CMPA. Nonetheless, the effects of individual as well as complex mixtures of HMO in terms of clear clinical and immunological effects and tolerance development need to be further explored to fully realize the immunomodulatory mechanisms and the potential for HMOs in prevention of allergic diseases and CMPA.

Keywords: human milk oligosaccharides, gut microbiota, intestinal mucosal barrier, infant formula, immune tolerance, cow’s milk protein allergy


中文翻译：

---

关于人乳寡糖 (HMO) 对生命早期的有益影响以及添加 HMO 的婴儿配方奶粉对牛奶蛋白过敏的潜在效用的专家小组声明

摘要：这篇由儿科胃肠病学和过敏免疫学专家撰写的综述旨在探讨人乳寡糖 (HMO) 的生物学作用以及 HMO 在预防过敏方面的潜在效用，特别是对奶牛的过敏^。s 牛奶蛋白过敏 (CMPA)。与会专家认为 HMO 是母乳中最重要的生物活性成分之一，通过防止病原体粘附到上皮细胞而起到抗菌剂和抗病毒作用，通过促进肠粘膜成熟和肠上皮屏障功能作为肠上皮细胞调节剂，作为益生元，通过促进健康的微生物群组成，并通过间接和直接调节免疫细胞作为免疫调节剂。因此，与会专家认为 HMO 与预防过敏之间的拟议联系主要基于 HMO 对肠道微生物群、肠粘膜屏障、免疫调节和免疫成熟的影响。除了降低呼吸道和胃肠道感染的风险外，补充 HMO 的配方似乎是管理 CMPA 的有前途的替代品。尽管如此，需要进一步探索 HMO 的个体和复杂混合物在明确的临床和免疫学效应和耐受性发展方面的作用，以充分了解 HMO 的免疫调节机制和预防过敏性疾病和 CMPA 的潜力。

关键词：人乳寡糖，肠道菌群，肠黏膜屏障，婴儿配方奶粉，免疫耐受，牛奶蛋白过敏