We examine how bottom-up (or stimulus-driven) and top-down (or goal-driven) processes govern the distribution of attention in risky choice. In three experiments, participants chose between a certain payoff and the chance of receiving a payoff drawn randomly from an array of eight numbers. We tested the hypothesis that initial attention is driven by perceptual properties of the stimulus (e.g., font size of the numbers), but subsequent choice is goal-driven (e.g., win the best outcome). Two experiments in which task framing (goal driven) and font size (stimulus driven) were manipulated demonstrated that payoffs with the highest values and the largest font sizes had the greatest impact on choice. The third experiment added a number in large font to the array, which could not be an outcome of the gamble (i.e., a distractor). Eye movement and choice data indicated that although the distractor attracted attention, it had no influence on option selection. Together with computational modeling analyses, the results suggest that perceptual salience can induce bottom-up effects of overt selection but that the perceived value of information is the crucial arbiter of intentional control over risky choice.

我们研究了自下而上（或刺激驱动）和自上而下（或目标驱动）的过程如何控制风险选择中的注意力分布。在三个实验中，参与者在一定的回报和从一组八个数字中随机抽取的回报之间进行选择。我们检验了初始注意力是由刺激的感知特性驱动的假设（例如，数字的字体大小），但随后的选择是目标驱动的（例如，赢得最佳结果）。操作任务框架（目标驱动）和字体大小（刺激驱动）的两个实验表明，具有最高值和最大字体大小的回报对选择的影响最大。第三个实验在数组中添加了一个大字体的数字，这不可能是赌博的结果（即干扰物）。眼球运动和选择数据表明，虽然干扰物引起了人们的注意，但它对选项选择没有影响。与计算建模分析一起，结果表明，感知显着性可以诱导公开选择的自下而上效应，但信息的感知价值是有意控制风险选择的关键仲裁者。