Iceberg calving is the main process that facilitates the dynamic mass loss of ice sheets into the ocean, which accounts for approximately half of the mass loss of the Antarctic ice sheet. Fine-scale calving variability observations can help reveal the calving mechanisms and identify the principal processes that influence how the changing climate affects global sea level through the ice shelf buttressing effect on the Antarctic ice sheet. Iceberg calving from entire ice shelves for short time intervals or from specific ice shelves for long time intervals has been monitored before, but there is still a lack of consistent, long-term, and high-precision records on independent calving events for all of the Antarctic ice shelves. In this study, a 15-year annual iceberg calving product measuring every independent calving event larger than 1 km² over all of the Antarctic ice shelves that occurred from August 2005 to August 2020 was developed based on 16 years of continuous satellite observations. First, the expansion of the ice shelf frontal coastline was simulated according to ice velocity; following this, the calved areas, which are considered to be the differences between the simulated coastline, were manually delineated, and the actual coastline was derived from the corresponding satellite imagery, based on multisource optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The product provides detailed information on each calving event, including the associated year of occurrence, area, size, average thickness, mass, recurrence interval, and measurement uncertainties. A total of 1975 annual calving events larger than 1 km² were detected on the Antarctic ice shelves from August 2005 to August 2020. The average annual calved area was measured as 3549.1 km² with an uncertainty value of 14.3 km², and the average calving rate was measured as 770.3 Gt yr⁻¹ with an uncertainty value of 29.5 Gt yr⁻¹. The number of calving events, calved area, and calved mass fluctuated moderately during the first decade, followed by a dramatic increase from 2015/2016 to 2019/2020. During the dataset period, large ice shelves, such as the Ronne–Filchner and Ross ice shelves, advanced with low calving frequency, whereas small- and medium-sized ice shelves retreated and calved more frequently. Iceberg calving of ice shelves is most prevalent in West Antarctica, followed by the Antarctic Peninsula and Wilkes Land in East Antarctica. The annual iceberg calving event dataset of Antarctic ice shelves provides consistent and precise calving observations with the longest time coverage. The dataset provides multidimensional variables for each independent calving event that can be used to study detailed spatial–temporal variations in Antarctic iceberg calving. The dataset can also be used to study ice sheet mass balance, calving mechanisms, and responses of iceberg calving to climate change. The dataset, entitled “Annual iceberg calving dataset of the Antarctic ice shelves (2005–2020)”, is shared via the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center: https://doi.org/10.11888/Glacio.tpdc.271250 (Qi et al., 2021). In addition, the average annual calving rate of 18.4±6.7 Gt yr⁻¹ for calving events smaller than 1 km² of the Antarctic ice shelves and the calving rate of 166.7±15.2 Gt yr⁻¹ for the marine-terminating glaciers were estimated.

中文翻译：

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来自连续卫星观测的 15 年环南极冰山崩解数据集

冰山崩解是促进冰盖向海洋动态质量损失的主要过程，约占南极冰盖质量损失的一半。精细尺度的产犊变异性观测有助于揭示产犊机制并确定影响气候变化如何通过南极冰盖上的冰架支撑效应影响全球海平面的主要过程。之前对整个冰架短时间间隔或特定冰架长时间间隔的冰山崩解进行了监测，但仍然缺乏关于所有冰架独立崩解事件的一致、长期和高精度记录。南极冰架。在这项研究中，一个 15 年的年度冰山产犊产品测量了每个大于 1 的独立产犊事件 2005 年 8 月至 2020 年 8 月期间发生的所有南极冰架上的km ²是基于 16 年的连续卫星观测得出的。首先，根据冰速模拟了冰架锋面海岸线的扩张；在此之后，人工划定了被认为是模拟海岸线之间差异的犊牛区，并根据多源光学和合成孔径雷达 (SAR) 图像从相应的卫星图像中得出实际海岸线。该产品提供每个产犊事件的详细信息，包括相关的发生年份、面积、大小、平均厚度、质量、重复间隔和测量不确定性。1975 年总计 1公里以上的产犊事件 ²对南极冰货架从2005年8月至2020年八月的年平均崩解而形成区域测量为3549.1检测 千米² 14.3不确定性值 千米²，平均产犊率被测量为770.3 亿吨年^-1与29.5 Gt yr ^{-1 的}不确定性值 . 产犊事件数、产犊面积和产犊质量在第一个十年中波动不大，随后从 2015/2016 年到 2019/2020 年急剧增加。在数据集期间，大型冰架，如 Ronne-Filchner 和 Ross 冰架，以较低的崩解频率前进，而中小型冰架后退和崩解的频率更高。冰架的冰山崩解在南极洲西部最为普遍，其次是南极半岛和南极洲东部的威尔克斯地。南极冰架年度冰山崩解事件数据集提供一致和精确的崩解观测覆盖时间最长。该数据集为每个独立的产犊事件提供了多维变量，可用于研究南极冰山产犊的详细时空变化。该数据集还可用于研究冰盖质量平衡、崩解机制以及冰山崩解对气候变化的响应。该数据集名为“南极冰架年度冰山崩解数据集（2005-2020）”，通过国家青藏高原数据中心共享：https://doi.org/10.11888/Glacio.tpdc.271250（齐等人., 2021)。此外，南极冰架小于1 km ²的产犊事件的平均年产犊率为18.4±6.7  Gt yr ^-1， 产犊率为166.7±15.2 Gt yr ^-1为海洋终止冰川的估计值。