With recent advances, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) immunotherapy has become a promising modality for patients with refractory cancer diseases. The successful results of CAR T cell therapy in relapsed and refractory B-cell malignancies shifted the paradigm of cancer immunotherapy by awakening the scientific, clinical, and commercial interest in translating this technology for the treatment of solid cancers. This review elaborates on fundamental principles of CAR T cell therapy (development of CAR construct, challenges of CAR T cell therapy) and its application on solid tumors as well as CAR T cell therapy potential in the field of neuro-oncology. Glioblastoma (GBM) is identified as one of the most challenging solid tumors with a permissive immunological milieu and dismal prognosis. Standard multimodal treatment using maximal safe resection, radiochemotherapy, and maintenance chemotherapy extends the overall survival beyond a year. Recurrence is, however, inevitable. GBM holds several unique features including its vast intratumoral heterogeneity, immunosuppressive environment, and a partially permissive anatomic blood–brain barrier, which offers a unique opportunity to investigate new treatment approaches. Tremendous efforts have been made in recent years to investigate novel CAR targets and target combinations with standard modalities for solid tumors and GBM to improve treatment efficacy. In this review, we outline the history of CAR immunotherapy development, relevant CAR target antigens validated with CAR T cells as well as preclinical approaches in combination with adjunct approaches via checkpoint inhibition, bispecific antibodies, and second-line systemic therapies that enhance anticancer efficacy of the CAR-based cancer immunotherapy.

随着最近的进展，嵌合抗原受体（CAR）免疫疗法已成为难治性癌症患者的一种有前途的方式。CAR T 细胞疗法在复发性和难治性 B 细胞恶性肿瘤中的成功结果通过唤醒科学、临床和商业利益，改变了癌症免疫疗法的范式，将这种技术转化为治疗实体癌。本综述详细阐述了 CAR T 细胞治疗的基本原理（CAR 构建体的发展、CAR T 细胞治疗的挑战）及其在实体瘤中的应用以及 CAR T 细胞治疗在神经肿瘤学领域的潜力。胶质母细胞瘤 (GBM) 被认为是最具挑战性的实体瘤之一，具有良好的免疫环境和令人沮丧的预后。使用最大安全切除的标准多模式治疗，放化疗和维持化疗可将总生存期延长一年以上。然而，复发是不可避免的。GBM 具有几个独特的特征，包括其巨大的肿瘤内异质性、免疫抑制环境和部分允许的解剖血脑屏障，这为研究新的治疗方法提供了独特的机会。近年来，人们做出了巨大的努力来研究新的 CAR 靶点和靶点组合与实体瘤和 GBM 的标准模式，以提高治疗效果。在这篇综述中，我们概述了 CAR 免疫疗法的发展历史、用 CAR T 细胞验证的相关 CAR 靶抗原以及临床前方法与通过检查点抑制、双特异性抗体、双特异性抗体等辅助方法相结合的方法。