Although hopelessness has been linked to depression for centuries, the diagnostic criteria for depression are inconsistent with regard to the status of hopelessness. Most research on hopelessness and depression has focused on adults. The current study examined this relation in children and adolescents. Integrative data analyses with a pooled sample (N = 2466) showed that clinical levels of hopelessness multiplied the odds of having a clinical diagnosis of depression 10-fold. Conversely, not having clinical levels of hopelessness multiplied the odds of endorsing no clinical level of depressive symptoms 28-fold. Moreover, results differed by levels of depression: (a) among youths with clinical levels of depression, hopelessness was associated with six depressive symptoms; (b) among youths without clinical levels of depression, hopelessness was associated with nine depressive symptoms. We found that hopelessness helps to explain the heterogeneity of depressive presentations. Our finding supports the consideration of hopelessness in the diagnosis (if not treatment and prevention) of depression in children and adolescents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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儿童和青少年的绝望和抑郁症状：综合数据分析。

尽管几个世纪以来绝望一直与抑郁症有关，但抑郁症的诊断标准与绝望的状态不一致。大多数关于绝望和抑郁的研究都集中在成年人身上。目前的研究在儿童和青少年中检验了这种关系。对汇总样本 (N = 2466) 的综合数据分析表明，临床绝望水平使临床诊断为抑郁症的几率增加了 10 倍。相反，没有临床水平的绝望会使没有临床水平的抑郁症状的几率增加 28 倍。此外，结果因抑郁程度而异：(a) 在临床抑郁水平的青少年中，绝望与六种抑郁症状有关；(b) 在没有临床抑郁水平的青少年中，绝望与九种抑郁症状有关。我们发现绝望有助于解释抑郁表现的异质性。我们的发现支持在儿童和青少年抑郁症的诊断（如果不是治疗和预防）中考虑绝望。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。