Circadian heart rate (HR) is influenced by hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors particularly smoking, obesity and dyslipidemia. Until now, to evaluate the HR changes due to presence of these risk factors, a single HR office measure or a mean evaluated on day time or night time or 24h was used. However, since HR shows a circadian behavior, a single value represents only a rough approximation of this behavior. In this study, we analyzed the influence of smoking, obesity and dyslipidemia on the circadian rhythm in normotensive and hypertensive subject groups presenting only one of these risk factors. The 24h HR recordings of 170 normotensive (83 without risk factors, 20 smokers, 44 with dyslipidemia, 23 obese) and 353 hypertensive (169 without risk factors, 32 smokers, 99 with dyslipidemia, 53 obese) subjects were acquired using a Holter Blood Pressure Monitor. Results highlighted a specific circadian behavior with three characteristic periods presenting different HR means and rates of HR change in the eight subject groups. The slopes could be used both to estimate the morning HR surge associated with acute cardiovascular effects in the awakening and to evaluate the decline during the night. Moreover, we suggest to use three HR mean values (one for each identified period of the day) rather than two HR values to better describe the circadian HR behavior. Furthermore, smoking increased and dyslipidemia decreased mean HR values from 10:00 to 04:00, both in normotensive and hypertensive subjects in comparison with subjects without risk factors. In this time interval, hypertensive obese subjects showed higher values while normotensive ones presented quite similar values than subjects without risk factors. During the awakening (05:00-10:00) the slopes were similar among all groups with no significant difference among the mean HR values.

中文翻译：

---

吸烟和其他心血管危险因素对血压正常和高血压受试者心率昼夜节律的影响。


昼夜心率 (HR) 受高血压和其他心血管危险因素（尤其是吸烟、肥胖和血脂异常）的影响。到目前为止，为了评估由于这些风险因素的存在而导致的 HR 变化，使用单一 HR 办公室测量值或白天、夜间或 24 小时评估的平均值。然而，由于 HR 显示​​昼夜节律行为，因此单个值仅代表此行为的粗略近似值。在这项研究中，我们分析了吸烟、肥胖和血脂异常对血压正常和高血压受试者组昼夜节律的影响，仅呈现这些危险因素之一。使用动态血压获得 170 名正常血压（83 名无危险因素、20 名吸烟者、44 名有血脂异常、23 名肥胖）和 353 名高血压（169 名无危险因素、32 名吸烟者、99 名有血脂异常、53 名肥胖）受试者的 24 小时 HR 记录监视器。结果强调了特定的昼夜节律行为，其中三个特征时段呈现出八个受试者组中不同的心率平均值和心率变化率。这些斜率既可用于估计与觉醒时急性心血管效应相关的早晨心率激增，也可用于评估夜间心率下降。此外，我们建议使用三个 HR 平均值（一天中每个确定的时间段各一个）而不是两个 HR 值来更好地描述昼夜 HR 行为。此外，与无危险因素的受试者相比，血压正常和高血压受试者在 10:00 至 04:00 期间吸烟增加，血脂异常降低平均 HR 值。在此时间间隔内，高血压肥胖受试者表现出较高的值，而血压正常的受试者表现出与无危险因素的受试者非常相似的值。 在醒来期间（05:00-10:00），所有组的斜率相似，平均 HR 值没有显着差异。