Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) have been introduced worldwide for aquaculture, which can benefit food sovereignty and economic development; however, established non-native populations may present risks for local organisms and habitats. We reviewed the documented introductions of C. gigas by country to evaluate factors related to introduction, establishment and production, and to determine impacts of feral populations. To date, C. gigas has been introduced in 64 countries and 10 territories, has been established in 32 and contributes to cupped oyster production in 36 (additionally, three native range countries). Oysters were more likely to be introduced and to establish in higher-latitude countries, but the economic factor of per capita Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPpc) served as a stronger explanatory variable than latitude for introduction. Earlier introduction and the use for extended periods in aquaculture, not just in trials, further increased establishment. Commercial production increased with coastline length and when established populations were present, but in contrast to establishment, declined at higher latitude. Effects of feral populations have been studied in 11 countries, spanning a range from negative to facilitative as expected for an ecosystem engineer, while reaching levels of concern warranting removal from coastlines in the UK, Norway, Sweden Australia and South Africa. The use of GDPpc in analyses revealed a widespread inequity in terms of low investment in Pacific oyster aquaculture in poorer countries, while richer countries were able to invest not only in aquaculture but also in studies of environmental impacts of feral oysters.

中文翻译：

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与全球太平洋牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）的水产养殖引进和生产相关的社会生态因素

太平洋牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）已在世界范围内用于水产养殖，有利于粮食主权和经济发展；然而，已建立的非本地种群可能会给当地生物和栖息地带来风险。我们审查了按国家/地区记录的C. gigas的引入，以评估与引入、建立和生产相关的因素，并确定野生种群的影响。迄今为止，C. gigas已在 64 个国家和 10 个地区推出，已在 32 个国家建立，并为 36 个（此外，三个原生范围国家）的杯状牡蛎生产做出了贡献。牡蛎更有可能在高纬度国家被引入和定殖，但人均国内生产总值 (GDPpc) 的经济因素比引入的纬度更具解释性。早期引入和在水产养殖中长期使用，而不仅仅是在试验中，进一步增加了建立。商业生产随着海岸线的长度而增加，并且当存在已建立的种群时，但与建立相比，在较高纬度地区下降。已在 11 个国家研究了野生种群的影响，范围从负面到促进，正如生态系统工程师所预期的那样，同时在英国、挪威、瑞典、澳大利亚和南非的海岸线上达到了需要移除的担忧程度。在分析中使用 GDPpc 揭示了较贫穷国家对太平洋牡蛎养殖的低投资普遍不公平，而富裕国家不仅能够投资于水产养殖，还能够投资于野生牡蛎对环境影响的研究。