ABSTRACT

Introduction

Vaccination is so far the most effective way of eradicating infections. Rapidly emerging drug resistance against infectious diseases and chemotherapy-related toxicities in cancer warrant immediate vaccine development to save mankind. Subunit vaccines alone, however, fail to elicit sufficiently strong and long-lasting protective immunity against deadly pathogens. Nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery vehicles like microemulsions, liposomes, virosomes, nanogels, micelles and dendrimers offer promising strategies to overcome limitations of traditional vaccine adjuvants. Nanovaccines can improve targeted delivery, antigen presentation, stimulation of body’s innate immunity, strong T cell response combined with safety to combat infectious diseases and cancers. Further, nanovaccines can be highly beneficial to generate effective immutherapeutic formulations against cancer.

Areas covered

This review summarizes the emerging nanoparticle strategies highlighting their success and challenges in preclinical and clinical trials in infectious diseases and cancer. It provides a concise overview of current nanoparticle-based vaccines, their adjuvant potential and their cellular delivery mechanisms.

Expert opinion

The nanovaccines (50–250 nm in size) are most efficient in terms of tissue targeting, prolonged circulation and preferential uptake by the professional APCs chiefly due to their small size. More rational designing, improved antigen loading, extensive functionalization and targeted delivery are some of the future goals of ideal nanovaccines.

中文翻译：

---

纳米疫苗：一种新兴战略

摘要

介绍

疫苗接种是迄今为止根除感染最有效的方法。迅速出现的针对传染病的耐药性和癌症中与化学疗法相关的毒性需要立即开发疫苗以拯救人类。然而，单独的亚单位疫苗无法引发针对致命病原体的足够强和持久的保护性免疫力。基于纳米颗粒 (NP) 的运载工具，如微乳剂、脂质体、病毒颗粒、纳米凝胶、胶束和树枝状聚合物，提供了有前景的策略来克服传统疫苗佐剂的局限性。纳米疫苗可以改善靶向递送、抗原呈递、身体先天免疫的刺激、强大的 T 细胞反应以及抗击传染病和癌症的安全性。更远，

涵盖的领域

这篇综述总结了新兴的纳米粒子策略，强调了它们在传染病和癌症的临床前和临床试验中的成功和挑战。它简要概述了当前基于纳米粒子的疫苗、它们的佐剂潜力和它们的细胞传递机制。

专家意见

纳米疫苗（大小为 50-250 nm）在组织靶向、延长循环和专业 APC 优先摄取方面最有效，这主要是因为它们的体积小。更合理的设计、改进的抗原负载、广泛的功能化和靶向递送是理想纳米疫苗的一些未来目标。