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Origin, transmission, and evolution of plague over 400 y in Europe [Evolution]
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ( IF 11.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-28 , DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114241118 Rémi Barbieri 1, 2
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ( IF 11.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-28 , DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114241118 Rémi Barbieri 1, 2
Affiliation
Plague is a deadly zoonosis caused by the gram-negative bacteria Yersinia pestis, and the clinical aspect of the disease partially depends on the way of transmission. While primary bubonic and septicemic plagues chiefly result from an ectoparasite bite or contact with an animal’s carcass, primary pneumonic plague is caused by the inhalation of infected droplets (1). Paleogenomics data indicate that plague has affected humans for at least 5,000 y in Eurasia (2), culminating in three historical deadly pandemics. The Justinianic Plague occurred from circa 541 to 750 CE, diffusing from the Mediterranean basin in successive waves; its human, social, and economic consequences remain contested (3). The second pandemic started in 1346 in the city of Caffa prior to ravaging Europe until the 19th century (4), responsible for the death of 30 to 50% of the population alone during the “Black Death” episode (1346 to1353) (5). In 1772, the third pandemic commenced in the Chinese province of Yunnan before reaching Hong Kong in 1994 and spreading to the whole world via steamboat and railroad (1). At the beginning of the third pandemic, the natural epidemiological cycle of plague seemed to have been fully resolved with the discovery of the role of rats (Rattus rattus) as reservoirs in 1894 (6) and their fleas (Xenospylla cheopis) as vectors in 1898 (Table 1) (7). However, analysis of ancient plague genomes combined or not with historical texts pointed out that the sources of transmission, dynamics, and origins of past epidemics have evolved considerably over millennia. For example, during the Bronze Age Y. pestis could not be transmitted to humans by flea bites because of the absence of the ymt gene that allows the bacteria to survive in the midgut of fleas (Table 1) (8). In the same way, during the massive outbreak of the …
更新日期：2021-09-23
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